The name of the three planets in the solar system. Characteristics of the planet Jupiter

> Solar system planets in order

Explore solar system planets in order. High quality photo, the place of the Earth and a detailed description of each planet around the Sun: from Mercury to Neptune.

Let's look at the planets in the solar system in order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

What is a planet?

According to the criteria established by the IAU in 2006, an object is considered a planet:

residing on an orbital path around the Sun;
has sufficient massiveness for hydrostatic balance;
cleared the surroundings of foreign bodies;

This led to the fact that Pluto could not meet the last point and moved into the category of dwarf planets. For the same reason, Ceres is no longer an asteroid, but has joined Pluto.

But there are also trans-Neptunian objects, which are considered a subcategory of dwarf planets and are referred to as the class of plutoids. These are celestial bodies orbiting Neptune. This includes Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Eris and Makemake.

Solar system planets in order

Let's now study our planets in the solar system in order of increasing distance from the Sun with a high quality photo.

Mercury

Mercury is the first planet from the Sun, 58 million km away. Despite this, it is not considered the hottest planet.

Now considered the smallest planet, inferior in size to the satellite Ganymede.

Diameter: 4,879 km
Mass: 3.3011 × 10 23 kg (0.055 Earth).
Length of the year: 87.97 days.
Day length: 59 days.
Included in the category of terrestrial planets. The crater surface resembles the earth's moon.
If you weigh 45 kg on Earth, you will get 17 kg on Mercury.
There are no satellites.
The temperature reading ranges from -173 to 427 °C (-279 to 801 degrees Fahrenheit)
Only 2 missions were sent: Mariner 10 in 1974-1975. and MESSENGER, which flew past the planet three times before entering orbit in 2011.

Venus

It is 108 million km away from the Sun and is considered an earthly sister, because it is similar in parameters: 81.5% of the mass, 90% of the earth's area and 86.6% of its volume.

Due to the thick atmospheric layer, Venus has become the hottest planet in the solar system, where the temperature rises to 462°C.

Diameter: 12104 km.
Weight: 4.886 x 10 24 kg (0.815 Earth)
Length of the year: 225 days.
Day length: 243 days.
Temperature heating: 462°C.
Dense and toxic atmospheric layer filled with carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) with droplets of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
There are no satellites.
Characterized by retrograde rotation.
If you weigh 45 kg on Earth, you will get 41 kg on Venus.
It has been called the Morning and Evening Star because it is often brighter than any other object in the sky and is usually visible at dawn or dusk. Often even mistaken for a UFO.
Sent over 40 missions. Magellan mapped 98% of the planet's surface in the early 1990s.

Earth

Earth - native home living at a distance of 150 million km from the star. So far, the only world that has life.

Diameter: 12760 km.
Weight: 5.97 x 10 24 kg.
Length of the year: 365 days.
Day length: 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds.
Surface heating: medium - 14°C, with ranges from -88°C to 58°C.
The surface is constantly changing and 70% is covered by oceans.
There is one satellite.
Atmospheric composition: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and other gases (1%).
The only world with life.

Mars

The red planet, distant at 288 million km. It got its second name because of the reddish hue created by iron oxide. Mars resembles Earth due to its axial rotation and tilt, which creates seasonality.

There are also many familiar surface features, such as mountains, valleys, volcanoes, deserts, and ice caps. The atmosphere is thin, so the temperature drops to -63 o C.

Diameter: 6787 km.
Weight: 6.4171 x 1023 kg (0.107 earth).
Length of the year: 687 days.
Day length: 24 hours and 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: Average - approx. -55°C with a range of -153°C to +20°C.
Belongs to the category of terrestrial planets. The rocky surface has been affected by volcanoes, asteroid attacks, and atmospheric effects such as dust storms.
The thin atmosphere is represented by carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar). If you weigh 45 kg on Earth, you will get 17 kg on Mars.
There are two tiny moons: Phobos and Deimos.
It is called the Red Planet because the iron minerals in the soil oxidize (rust).
More than 40 spacecraft have been sent.

Jupiter

Jupiter is the most big planet The solar system, living at a distance of 778 million km from the Sun. It is 317 times larger than the Earth and 2.5 times larger than all the planets combined. Represented by hydrogen and helium.

The atmosphere is considered the most intense, where the wind speeds up to 620 km/h. There are also amazing auroras which practically never stop.

Diameter: 428400 km.
Mass: 1.8986 × 10 27 kg (317.8 Earth).
Length of the year: 11.9 years.
Day length: 9.8 hours.
Temperature indicator: -148°C.
There are 67 known moons, and 17 more moons are awaiting confirmation of their discovery. Jupiter is like a mini system!
In 1979, Voyager 1 noticed a faint ring system.
If you weigh 45 kg on Earth, you will get 115 kg on Jupiter.
The Great Red Spot is a large-scale storm ( more earth) that has continued for hundreds of years. IN last years there is a downward trend.
Many missions have flown past Jupiter. The last one arrived in 2016 - Juno.

Saturn

Remote by 1.4 billion km. Saturn is a gas giant with a chic ring system. There are gas layers concentrated around a solid core.

Diameter: 120500 km.
Mass: 5.66836 × 10 26 kg (95.159 Earth).
Length of the year: 29.5 years.
Day length: 10.7 hours.
Temperature mark: -178 ° С.
Atmospheric composition: hydrogen (H2) and helium (He).
If you weigh 45 kg on Earth, you will get about 48 kg on Saturn.
There are 53 known satellites with an additional 9 pending confirmation.
5 missions were sent to the planet. Cassini has been in charge of the system since 2004.

Uranus

Lives at a distance of 2.9 billion km. It belongs to the class of ice giants due to the presence of ammonia, methane, water and hydrocarbons. Methane also creates a blue appearance.

Uranus is the coldest planet in the system. The seasonal cycle is quite bizarre, as it lasts 42 years for each hemisphere.

Diameter: 51120 km.
Length of the year: 84 years.
Day length: 18 hours.
Temperature mark: -216°С.
Most of the planetary mass is represented by a hot dense liquid of "ice" materials: water, ammonia and methane.
Atmospheric composition: hydrogen and helium with a small admixture of methane. Methane causes a blue-green tint.
If you weigh 45 kg on Earth, you will get 41 kg on Uranus.
There are 27 satellites.
There is a weak ring system.
The only ship sent to the planet was Voyager 2.

This is the closest planet to the Sun, so the Sun shines on Mercury and heats 7 times stronger than on Earth. On the day side of Mercury, it is terribly hot, there is eternal hell. Measurements show that the temperature there rises to 400 degrees above zero. But on the night side there should always be a strong frost, which probably reaches 200 degrees below zero. So, Mercury is the kingdom of deserts. One half of it is a hot stone desert, the other half is icy desert, perhaps covered with frozen gases. The composition of the extremely rarefied atmosphere of Mercury includes: Ar, Ne, He. Mercury's surface appearance like the moon. When Mercury is far enough from the Sun, it can be seen standing low on the horizon. Mercury is never visible in a dark sky. It is best to observe it in the evening sky or before dawn. Mercury has no satellites. 80% of the mass of Mercury is contained in its core, which consists mainly of iron. The pressure at the surface of the planet is approximately 500 billion times less than that at the surface of the Earth. It also turned out that Mercury has a weak magnetic field, the strength of which is only 0.7% of that of the earth. Mercury belongs to the terrestrial planets. In Roman mythology, the god of trade.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun, has an almost circular orbit. It passes closer to Earth than any other planet. But the dense, cloudy atmosphere does not allow you to directly see its surface. Atmosphere: CO 2 (97%), N2 (approx. 3%), H 2 O (0.05%), impurities CO, SO 2, HCl, HF. Due to the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature warms up to hundreds of degrees. The atmosphere, which is a dense blanket of carbon dioxide, traps the heat that comes from the sun. This leads to the fact that the temperature of the atmosphere is much higher than in the oven. Radar images show very big variety craters, volcanoes and mountains. There are several very large volcanoes, up to 3 km high. and hundreds of kilometers wide. The outpouring of lava on Venus takes much longer than on Earth. The surface pressure is about 107 Pa. The surface rocks of Venus are similar in composition to terrestrial sedimentary rocks.
Finding Venus in the sky is easier than any other planet. Its dense clouds reflect sunlight well, making the planet bright in our sky. Every seven months for several weeks, Venus is the brightest object in the western sky in the evening. Three and a half months later, it rises three hours before the Sun, becoming the brilliant "morning star" of the eastern sky. Venus can be observed an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise. Venus has no satellites.

Earth .

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is the third planet from the Sun. The speed of the Earth's circulation in an elliptical orbit around the Sun is - 29.765 km / s. Incline earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic 66 o 33 "22"". The Earth has a natural satellite -. The Earth has a magnetic and electric fields. The Earth was formed 4.7 billion years ago from the gas-dust substance scattered in the protosolar system. The composition of the Earth is dominated by: iron (34.6%), oxygen (29.5%), silicon (15.2%), magnesium (12.7%). The pressure in the center of the planet is 3.6 * 10 11 Pa, the density is about 12,500 kg / m 3, the temperature is 5000-6000 o C. Most of the surface is occupied by the World Ocean (361.1 million km 2; 70.8%); land is 149.1 million km 2 and forms six continents and islands. It rises above the level of the world ocean by an average of 875 meters (the highest height is 8848 meters - the city of Chomolungma). Mountains occupy 30% of the land, deserts cover about 20% of the land surface, savannas and light forests - about 20%, forests - about 30%, glaciers - 10%. The average depth of the ocean is about 3800 meters, the greatest is 11022 meters (the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean), the volume of water is 1370 million km 3, the average salinity is 35 g / l. The atmosphere of the Earth, the total mass of which is 5.15 * 10 15 tons, consists of air - a mixture of mainly nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (21%), the rest is water vapor, carbon dioxide, noble and other gases. About 3-3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter, life arose on Earth, and the development of the biosphere began.

Mars .

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the fourth planet from the Sun, similar to Earth, but smaller and colder. Mars has deep canyons, giant volcanoes, and vast deserts. Around the Red Planet, as Mars is also called, two small moons fly: Phobos and Deimos. Mars is the planet following the Earth, if counted from the Sun, and the only space world, apart from the Moon, that can already be reached with the help of modern missiles. For astronauts, this four-year journey could be the next frontier in space exploration. Near the equator of Mars, in the region called Tharsis, there are volcanoes of colossal proportions. Tarsis is the name that astronomers gave to a hill that has 400 km. wide and about 10 km. in height. There are four volcanoes on this plateau, each of which is simply a giant in comparison with any terrestrial volcano. The most grandiose volcano of Tarsis, Mount Olympus, rises above the surrounding area for 27 km. About two-thirds of the surface of Mars is a mountainous area with a large number of impact craters and surrounded by debris. hard rock. Near the volcanoes of Tharsis snakes a vast system of canyons about a quarter of the equator long. The Mariner Valley is 600 km wide, and its depth is such that Mount Everest would sink entirely to its bottom. Sheer cliffs rise thousands of meters, from the bottom of the valley to the plateau above. In ancient times, there was a lot of water on Mars, on the surface of this planet flowed big rivers. Ice caps lie at the South and North Poles of Mars. But this ice does not consist of water, but of frozen atmospheric carbon dioxide (it freezes at a temperature of -100 o C). Scientists believe that surface water is stored in the form of ice blocks buried in the ground, especially in the polar regions. Atmospheric composition: CO 2 (95%), N 2 (2.5%), Ar (1.5 - 2%), CO (0.06%), H 2 O (up to 0.1%); pressure near the surface is 5-7 hPa. In total, about 30 interplanetary space stations were sent to Mars.

Jupiter - the largest planet.

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- the fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter is not a solid planet. Unlike the four solid planets closest to the Sun, Jupiter is a gas ball. The composition of the atmosphere: H 2 (85%), CH 4 , NH 3 , He (14%). Jupiter's gas composition is very similar to that of the sun. Jupiter is a powerful source of thermal radio emission. Jupiter has 16 satellites (Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Lysitea, Elara, Ananke, Karma, Pasiphe, Sinope, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia), as well as a 20,000 km wide ring, almost closely adjacent to planet. Jupiter's rotation speed is so great that the planet bulges along the equator. In addition, such a rapid rotation causes very strong winds in the upper atmosphere, where the clouds are stretched out in long colorful ribbons. In the clouds of Jupiter there is a very a large number of swirl spots. The largest of them, the so-called Great Red Spot, is larger than the Earth. The Great Red Spot is huge size a storm in the atmosphere of Jupiter, which has been observed for 300 years. Inside the planet, under enormous pressure, hydrogen from a gas turns into a liquid, and then from a liquid into a solid. At a depth of 100 km. there is a vast ocean of liquid hydrogen. Below 17000 km. hydrogen is compressed so strongly that its atoms are destroyed. And then it starts behaving like metal; in this state, it easily conducts electricity. An electric current flowing in metallic hydrogen creates a strong magnetic field around Jupiter.

Saturn .

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the sixth planet from the Sun, has a striking system of rings. Due to the rapid rotation around its axis, Saturn seems to be flattened at the poles. The wind speed at the equator reaches 1800 km/h. The rings of Saturn are 400,000 km wide, but they are only a few tens of meters thick. The inner parts of the rings revolve around Saturn faster than the outer ones. The rings are mostly made up of billions of small particles, each of which orbits Saturn as a separate microscopic satellite. Probably, these "microsatellites" consist of water ice or rocks covered with ice. Their size ranges from a few centimeters to tens of meters. There are also larger objects in the rings - stone blocks and fragments up to hundreds of meters in diameter. The gaps between the rings arise under the influence of the gravitational forces of seventeen moons (Hyperion, Mimas, Tethys, Titan, Enceladus, etc.), which cause the rings to split. The composition of the atmosphere includes: CH 4 , H 2 , He, NH 3 .

Uranus .

is the seventh planet from the Sun. It was discovered in 1781 by the English astronomer William Herschel and named after the Greek sky god Uranus. The orientation of Uranus in space differs from the rest of the planets of the solar system - its axis of rotation lies, as it were, "on its side" relative to the plane of revolution of this planet around the Sun. The axis of rotation is inclined at an angle of 98 o . As a result, the planet is turned towards the Sun alternately then north pole, then the south, then the equator, then the middle latitudes. Uranus has more than 27 satellites (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Pack, etc.) and a system of rings. At the center of Uranus is a core composed of stone and iron. The composition of the atmosphere includes: H 2 , He, CH 4 (14%).

Neptune .

- its orbit intersects with the orbit of Pluto in some places. The equatorial diameter is the same as that of Uranus, although Neptune is located 1627 million km further from Uranus (Uranus is located 2869 million km from the Sun). Based on these data, we can conclude that this planet could not be noticed in the 17th century. One of the striking achievements of science, one of the evidence of the unlimited cognizability of nature was the discovery of the planet Neptune by calculations - "on the tip of a pen." Uranus - the planet following Saturn, which for many centuries was considered the most distant planet, was discovered by V. Herschel in late XVIII in. Uranus is hardly visible to the naked eye. By the 40s of the XIX century. accurate observations have shown that Uranus deviates just barely from the path it should follow, given the perturbations from all the known planets. So the theory of motion celestial bodies, so strict and precise, was put to the test. Le Verrier (in France) and Adams (in England) suggested that if perturbations from the known planets do not explain the deviation in the motion of Uranus, it means that the attraction of an as yet unknown body acts on it. They almost simultaneously calculated where behind Uranus there should be an unknown body that produces these deviations by its attraction. They calculated the orbit of the unknown planet, its mass and indicated the place in the sky where the unknown planet should have been at the given time. This planet was found in a telescope at the place indicated by them in 1846. It was called Neptune. Neptune is not visible to the naked eye. On this planet, winds blow at speeds up to 2400 km / h, directed against the rotation of the planet. These are the strongest winds in the solar system.
Atmospheric composition: H 2 , He, CH 4 . It has 6 satellites (one of them is Triton).
Neptune is the god of the seas in Roman mythology.

The planets in the solar system, as you can see from the descriptions, are all different from each other. Scientists also find planets around other stars, they are called exoplanets.

Sources:
www.kosmos19.narod.ru
www.ggreen.chat.ru
http://en.wikipedia.org

Pluto by decision of the MAC (International Astronomical Union) no longer refers to the planets of the solar system, but is a dwarf planet and even inferior in diameter to the other dwarf planet Eris. Pluto's designation is 134340.

solar system

Scientists put forward many versions of the origin of our solar system. In the 40s of the last century, Otto Schmidt hypothesized that the solar system arose because cold dust clouds were attracted to the Sun. Over time, clouds formed the foundations of future planets. In modern science, it is Schmidt's theory that is the main one. The solar system is only a small part of a large galaxy called the Milky Way. The Milky Way contains over a hundred billion different stars. It took humanity thousands of years to realize such a simple truth. Opening solar system did not happen immediately, step by step, on the basis of victories and mistakes, a system of knowledge was formed. The main basis for studying the solar system was knowledge about the Earth.

Fundamentals and Theories

The main milestones in the study of the solar system are the modern atomic system, the heliocentric system of Copernicus and Ptolemy. The most likely version of the origin of the system is the Big Bang theory. In accordance with it, the formation of the galaxy began with the "scattering" of the elements of the megasystem. At the turn of the impenetrable house, our solar system was born. The basis of everything is the Sun - 99.8% of the total volume, the planets account for 0.13%, the remaining 0.0003% are various bodies of our system. Scientists divide the planets into two conditional groups . The first includes planets of the Earth type: the Earth itself, Venus, Mercury. The main distinguishing characteristics of the planets of the first group are a relatively small area, hardness, and a small number of satellites. The second group includes Uranus, Neptune and Saturn - they are distinguished by their large size (giant planets), they are formed by helium and hydrogen gases.

In addition to the Sun and planets, our system also includes planetary satellites, comets, meteorites and asteroids.

Particular attention should be paid to the asteroid belts that are located between Jupiter and Mars, and between the orbits of Pluto and Neptune. On the this moment in science there is no unambiguous version of the emergence of such formations.
Which planet is not considered a planet now:

Pluto was considered a planet from the time of its discovery until 2006, but later in the outer part of the solar system many celestial bodies comparable in size to Pluto and even exceeding it were discovered. To avoid confusion, a new definition of the planet was given. Pluto did not fall under this definition, so it was assigned a new "status" - a dwarf planet. So, Pluto can serve as an answer to the question: before it was considered a planet, but now it is not. However, some scientists continue to believe that Pluto should be reclassified back into a planet.

Scientists' forecasts

Based on research, scientists say that the sun is approaching the middle of its life path. It is unimaginable to imagine what will happen if the Sun goes out. But scientists say it's not only possible, it's inevitable. The age of the Sun was determined using the latest computer developments and found that it has about five billion years. According to astronomical law, the life of a star like the Sun lasts about ten billion years. Thus, our solar system is in the middle of the life cycle. What do scientists mean by the word "goes out"? The huge solar energy is the energy of hydrogen, which in the core becomes helium. Every second, about six hundred tons of hydrogen in the core of the Sun is converted into helium. According to scientists, the Sun has already used up most of its hydrogen reserves.

If instead of the Moon there were planets of the solar system:

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

2. What planets are part of the solar system?

The terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).

3. Complete the sentences regarding the general characteristics of the planets of the solar system

Option 1.

The planet with the largest semi-axis of the orbit -Neptune.
Which of the giant planets is closest to Earth?Jupiter.
Which terrestrial planet has the longest orbital period around the sun?Mars.
The largest planet isJupiter.
The largest mass of the planets of the terrestrial group hasEarth.
Which planet has the smallest mass?Mercury.
Which planet has the most average density:Saturn.
The planet with the most long period rotation around an axisVenus.
Planet with one moonEarth.
The solar system contains the following giant planets:Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Option 2.

Which planet orbits closest to the Sun?Mercury.
The closest planet to Earth isVenus.
The giant planet with the shortest orbital period around the SunJupiter.
Which terrestrial planet is the largest in size:Earth.
The planet with the largest mass isJupiter.
The planet whose mass is closest to the mass of the Earth isVenus.
The planet with the highest average density isEarth.
The planet that rotates the fastest on its axisJupiter.
Planets that do not have a satellite:Mercury and Venus.
Terrestrial planets:Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

4. Complete the sentences concerning the main properties of the bodies of the solar system

The bulk of the solar system is concentrated in The sun.

The shape of the orbits of the planets almost circular.

The planes of the orbits of the planets almost coincide with the plane of the ecliptic.

Most planets rotate around their axes in the same direction, with the exception of Venus and Uranus.

What groups are the planets divided by their physical and dynamic properties: terrestrial planets and giant planets.

5. In a number of numbers expressing the average distances of the planets from the Sun, some regularity is observed. Calculate the values of the semi-major axes of the orbits of the planets using the Titius-Bode formula and draw a conclusion

Planet	exponent n	Calculated distance, a.u.	True distance, a.u.
Mercury	-∞	0,4	0,39
Venus	0	0,7	,72
Earth	1	1	1
Mars	2	1,6	1,52
asteroid belt	3	2,8	2,9
Jupiter	4	5,2	5,2
Saturn	5	10	9,54
Uranus	6	19,6	19,19
neputn	7	38,8	30,07

Conclusions: The rule of planetary distances is well suited to the true distances of the planets from the Sun up to Uranus (with an error for Saturn and Uranus of 0.5 AU. The orbit of Neptune does not fit into the rule.

The solar system is a group of planets revolving in certain orbits around a bright star - the Sun. This luminary is the main source of heat and light in the solar system.

It is believed that our system of planets was formed as a result of the explosion of one or more stars and this happened about 4.5 billion years ago. At first, the solar system was a collection of gas and dust particles, however, over time and under the influence of its own mass, the Sun and other planets arose.

Planets of the solar system

In the center of the solar system is the Sun, around which eight planets move in their orbits: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Until 2006, Pluto also belongs to this group of planets, it was considered the 9th planet from the Sun, however, due to its considerable distance from the Sun and its small size, it was excluded from this list and called a dwarf planet. Rather, it is one of several dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt.

All the above planets are usually divided into two large groups: the terrestrial group and the gas giants.

The terrestrial group includes such planets as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. They are distinguished by their small size and rocky surface, and in addition, they are located closer than the others to the Sun.

The gas giants include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are characterized by large sizes and the presence of rings, which are ice dust and rocky pieces. These planets are made up mostly of gas.

Mercury

This planet is one of the smallest in the solar system, its diameter is 4,879 km. In addition, it is closest to the Sun. This neighborhood predetermined a significant temperature difference. average temperature on Mercury in the daytime is +350 degrees Celsius, and at night - -170 degrees.

Mercury is the first planet from the Sun.
There are no seasons on Mercury. The tilt of the planet's axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of the planet's orbit around the Sun.
The temperature on the surface of Mercury is not the highest, although the planet is located closest to the Sun. He lost first place to Venus.
The first research vehicle to visit Mercury was Mariner 10. It conducted a series of demonstration flybys in 1974.
A day on Mercury lasts 59 Earth days, and a year is only 88 days.
On Mercury, the most dramatic temperature changes are observed, which reach 610 ° C. During the day, the temperature can reach 430 ° C, and at night -180 ° C.
The force of gravity on the surface of the planet is only 38% of the Earth's. This means that on Mercury you could jump three times as high, and it would be easier to lift heavy objects.
The first telescope observations of Mercury were made by Galileo Galilei in the early 17th century.
Mercury has no natural satellites.
The first official map of the surface of Mercury was published only in 2009, thanks to data obtained from the Mariner 10 and Messenger spacecraft.

Venus

This planet is the second from the Sun. In size, it is close to the diameter of the Earth, the diameter is 12,104 km. In all other respects, Venus is significantly different from our planet. Days here last 243 earthly days, and a year is 255 days. The atmosphere of Venus is 95% carbon dioxide, which creates a greenhouse effect on its surface. This leads to the fact that the average temperature on the planet is 475 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere also includes 5% nitrogen and 0.1% oxygen.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun in the solar system.
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, although it is the second planet from the Sun. Surface temperature can reach 475°C.
The first spacecraft sent to explore Venus was launched from Earth on February 12, 1961 and was called Venera 1.
Venus is one of two planets that has a different direction of rotation than most planets in the solar system.
The orbit of the planet around the Sun is very close to circular.
The day and night temperatures of the surface of Venus are practically the same due to the large thermal inertia of the atmosphere.
Venus makes one revolution around the Sun in 225 Earth days, and one revolution around its axis in 243 Earth days, that is, one day on Venus lasts more than one year.
The first telescope observations of Venus were made by Galileo Galilei in the early 17th century.
Venus has no natural satellites.
Venus is the third brightest object in the sky, after the Sun and Moon.

Earth

Our planet is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Sun, and this allows us to create on its surface a temperature suitable for the existence of water in liquid form, and, therefore, for the emergence of life.

Its surface is 70% covered with water, and it is the only one of the planets that has such an amount of liquid. It is believed that many thousands of years ago, the steam contained in the atmosphere created the temperature on the Earth's surface necessary for the formation of water in liquid form, and solar radiation contributed to photosynthesis and the birth of life on the planet.

Earth is the third planet from the sun in the solar system.but;
One natural satellite revolves around our planet - the Moon;
Earth is the only planet not named after a divine being;
The Earth's density is the largest of all the planets in the solar system;
The speed of the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing down;
The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1 astronomical unit (a conventional measure of length in astronomy), which is approximately 150 million km;
The earth has a magnetic field strong enough to protect living organisms on its surface from harmful solar radiation;
The first artificial Earth satellite called PS-1 (The Simplest Satellite - 1) was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Sputnik launch vehicle on October 4, 1957;
In orbit around the Earth, compared with other planets, there is the largest number of spacecraft;
Earth is the largest terrestrial planet in the solar system;

Mars

This planet is the fourth in a row from the Sun and is 1.5 times more distant from it than the Earth. The diameter of Mars is smaller than Earth's and is 6,779 km. The average air temperature on the planet ranges from -155 degrees to +20 degrees at the equator. The magnetic field on Mars is much weaker than that of the Earth, and the atmosphere is quite rarefied, which allows solar radiation to freely affect the surface. In this regard, if there is life on Mars, it is not on the surface.

When surveyed with the help of rovers, it was found that there are many mountains on Mars, as well as dried riverbeds and glaciers. The surface of the planet is covered with red sand. Iron oxide gives Mars its color.

Mars is located on the fourth orbit from the Sun;
The Red Planet hosts the tallest volcano in the solar system;
Of the 40 exploration missions sent to Mars, only 18 were successful;
Mars has the largest dust storms in the solar system;
In 30-50 million years, a system of rings will be located around Mars, like that of Saturn;
Fragments of Mars have been found on Earth;
The sun from the surface of Mars looks half as large as from the surface of the Earth;
Mars is the only planet in the solar system that has polar ice caps;
Two natural satellites revolve around Mars - Deimos and Phobos;
Mars has no magnetic field;

Jupiter

This planet is the largest in the solar system and has a diameter of 139,822 km, which is 19 times larger than the earth. A day on Jupiter lasts 10 hours, and a year is approximately 12 Earth years. Jupiter is mainly composed of xenon, argon, and krypton. If it were 60 times larger, it could become a star due to a spontaneous thermonuclear reaction.

The average temperature on the planet is -150 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere is made up of hydrogen and helium. There is no oxygen or water on its surface. There is an assumption that there is ice in the atmosphere of Jupiter.

Jupiter is located in the fifth orbit from the Sun;
In the earth's sky, Jupiter is the fourth brightest object, after the Sun, Moon and Venus;
Jupiter has the shortest day of all the planets in the solar system;
In Jupiter's atmosphere, one of the longest and most powerful storms in the solar system, better known as the Great Red Spot, rages;
Jupiter's moon, Ganymede, is the largest moon in the solar system;
Around Jupiter is a thin system of rings;
Jupiter was visited by 8 research vehicles;
Jupiter has a strong magnetic field;
If Jupiter were 80 times more massive, it would become a star;
There are 67 natural satellites revolving around Jupiter. This is the largest figure in the solar system;

Saturn

This planet is the second largest in the solar system. Its diameter is 116,464 km. It is most similar in composition to the Sun. A year on this planet lasts quite a long time, almost 30 Earth years, and a day is 10.5 hours. The average surface temperature is -180 degrees.

Its atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and a small amount of helium. Thunderstorms and auroras often occur in its upper layers.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun;
Saturn's atmosphere has some of the strongest winds in the solar system;
Saturn is one of the least dense planets in the solar system;
Around the planet is the largest ring system in the solar system;
One day on the planet lasts almost one Earth year and is equal to 378 Earth days;
Saturn was visited by 4 research spacecraft;
Saturn together with Jupiter make up approximately 92% of the entire planetary mass of the solar system;
One year on the planet lasts 29.5 Earth years;
There are 62 known natural satellites revolving around the planet;
Currently, the automatic interplanetary station Cassini is engaged in the study of Saturn and its rings;

Uranus

Uranus, computer artwork.

Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system and the seventh from the Sun. It has a diameter of 50,724 km. It is also called the "ice planet", as the temperature on its surface is -224 degrees. A day on Uranus lasts 17 hours, and a year is 84 Earth years. At the same time, summer lasts as long as winter - 42 years. Such a natural phenomenon due to the fact that the axis of that planet is located at an angle of 90 degrees to the orbit and it turns out that Uranus, as it were, "lies on its side."

Uranus is located in the seventh orbit from the Sun;
The first to know about the existence of Uranus was William Herschel in 1781;
Only one spacecraft has visited Uranus, Voyager 2 in 1982;
Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system;
The equatorial plane of Uranus is inclined to the plane of its orbit almost at a right angle - that is, the planet rotates retrograde, "lying on its side slightly upside down";
The moons of Uranus bear names taken from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, not from Greek or Roman mythology;
A day on Uranus lasts about 17 Earth hours;
There are 13 known rings around Uranus;
One year on Uranus lasts 84 Earth years;
There are 27 known natural satellites revolving around Uranus;

Neptune

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. In its composition and size, it is similar to its neighbor Uranus. The diameter of this planet is 49,244 km. A day on Neptune lasts 16 hours, and a year is equal to 164 Earth years. Neptune belongs to the ice giants and long time it was believed that no weather events occur on its icy surface. However, it has recently been found that Neptune has raging eddies and wind speeds the highest of the planets in the solar system. It reaches 700 km / h.

Neptune has 14 moons, the most famous of which is Triton. It is known that it has its own atmosphere.

Neptune also has rings. This planet has 6.

Neptune is the most distant planet in the solar system and occupies the eighth orbit from the Sun;
Mathematicians were the first to know about the existence of Neptune;
There are 14 moons circling Neptune;
The orbit of Nepputna is removed from the Sun by an average of 30 AU;
One day on Neptune lasts 16 Earth hours;
Neptune has only been visited by one spacecraft, Voyager 2;
Around Neptune there is a system of rings;
Neptune has the second highest gravity after Jupiter;
One year on Neptune lasts 164 Earth years;
The atmosphere on Neptune is extremely active;

Jupiter is considered the largest planet in the solar system.
There are 5 dwarf planets in the solar system, one of which was reclassified as Pluto.
There are very few asteroids in the solar system.
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system.
About 99% of the space (by volume) is occupied by the Sun in the solar system.
One of the most beautiful and original places in the solar system is the satellite of Saturn. There you can see a huge concentration of ethane and liquid methane.
Our solar system has a tail that resembles a four-leaf clover.
The sun follows a continuous 11-year cycle.
There are 8 planets in the solar system.
The solar system is fully formed thanks to a large gas and dust cloud.
Spacecraft flew to all the planets of the solar system.
Venus is the only planet in the solar system that rotates counterclockwise on its axis.
Uranus has 27 moons.
The largest mountain is on Mars.
A huge mass of objects in the solar system fell on the sun.
The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy.
The sun is the central object of the solar system.
The solar system is often divided into regions.
The sun is a key component of the solar system.
The solar system was formed about 4.5 billion years ago.
Pluto is the most distant planet in the solar system.
Two regions in the solar system are filled with small bodies.
The solar system is built contrary to all the laws of the universe.
If we compare the solar system and space, then it is just a grain of sand in it.
Over the past few centuries, the solar system has lost 2 planets: Vulcan and Pluto.
Researchers claim that the solar system was created artificially.
The only satellite in the solar system that has a dense atmosphere and whose surface cannot be seen due to cloud cover is Titan.
The region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune is called the Kuiper belt.
The Oort cloud is a region of the solar system that serves as the source of a comet and a long period of revolution.
Every object in the solar system is held there by gravity.
The leading theory of the solar system proposes the emergence of planets and satellites from a huge cloud.
The solar system is considered the most secret particle of the universe.
There is a huge asteroid belt in the solar system.
On Mars, you can see the eruption of the largest volcano in the solar system, which is called Olympus.
Pluto is considered to be the outskirts of the solar system.
Jupiter has a large ocean of liquid water.
The Moon is the largest satellite in the solar system.
The largest asteroid in the solar system is Pallas.
The brightest planet in the solar system is Venus.
The majority of the solar system is made up of hydrogen.
Earth is an equal member of the solar system.
The sun heats up slowly.
Oddly enough, the largest reserves of water in the solar system are in the sun.
The plane of the equator of each planet in the solar system diverges from the plane of the orbit.
The satellite of Mars with the name Phobos is an anomaly of the solar system.
The solar system can amaze with its diversity and scale.
The planets of the solar system are influenced by the sun.
The outer shell of the solar system is considered the haven of satellites and gas giants.
A huge number of planetary satellites of the solar system are dead.
The largest asteroid, with a diameter of 950 km, is called Ceres.