Militarization as a term has its roots in the middle of the 19th century. It was first used to describe the ideological and political-economic situation in France during the reign of Napoleon III. Militarization as a concept is a state ideology and policy subordinated to the militarization of society and the economy, where the main task is to build up military power, and aggressive wars serve as the main way of conducting foreign policy. In the economy, in the first place, the interests of the military-industrial complex are put, its share usually occupies the most significant part among other industries.
The population is subjected to significant information and psychological processing, a permanent image of an external enemy is instilled, and active measures are taken to patriotically educate the younger generation.
Militarization reached its apotheosis in the 20th century, when two of the largest conflicts in human history took place. According to total estimates, during the first and second world wars, the world's population lost about 70 million people only killed, and more than 150 million remained crippled.
Militarization of the leading powers in the early 20th century
The accumulated contradictions between the major powers, coupled with their accelerating militarization, led to the so-called arms race at the very beginning of the 20th century.
An arms race, a term very closely related to militarization, is a large-scale increase by opposing powers or military blocs in the quantity and quality of military equipment in service in an attempt to achieve military parity or superiority over the opposing side.
The major powers of that time, after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, began a systematic increase in the number of artillery systems of small, medium and large caliber in their armies. At the beginning of the 20th century, the so-called dreadnought race began, when not only recognized maritime powers (Great Britain, USA, France, Germany, Japan), but also minor players in the vast oceans (Russian Empire, Spain, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Austria- Hungarian Empire, Brazil, Chile, Argentina), began to actively increase the number of large armored ships with powerful artillery weapons.
One of the main reasons that served as the start of the First World War was Germany's desire to build up its navy to a size comparable to that of Great Britain, which threatened the very existence of the latter as a great power.
A characteristic indicator of militarization is the growth in the number of the most powerful armies of the continental powers of that time (France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Great Britain and Russia), from 2,111,000 people in 1896 to 3,184,000 people in 1912 and the subsequent mobilization of 74 million people throughout the First World War.
Militarization before World War II
The Entente countries that won the First World War, the entire period up to the Second World War, had very strong and well-equipped armies, a developed military industry and uninterrupted access to all necessary resources. France was strong on the Continent, while Britain and the US had very strong navies.
The Axis Powers, as aspirants to regional and world dominance, had to rebuild the economy in a militaristic way in the face of resource constraints, and in the case of Germany, even in the face of a ban on large-scale military production.
Both Japan and Germany, which had no way to surpass the established hegemonic powers in the number of weapons, relied on their quality, as well as on innovative tactical actions in their application.
The militarization of society in the Axis before the war was total. This was achieved through the dissemination of mass propaganda aimed at explaining the need for aggressive wars, the permissibility of extreme cruelty in the name of lofty goals and a great future. The general psychological impact on the population was designed to provide the military economy of the aggressor countries with a huge number of personnel, as well as to train hordes of soldiers who are ready to unquestioningly carry out the orders of their leaders, aimed at global expansion.
In the Soviet Union, preparations for the proposed big war began as early as the end of the 1920s. A general industrialization was carried out in the economy, aimed at a massive increase in military production. Engine building was actively developing as the basis for the production of armored vehicles and aviation. Patriotic education was actively practiced among young people, TRP standards were introduced to prepare citizens for military and labor service in the harsh conditions of wartime. The militarization of the country has made a huge leap in 10 years.
As a result of the outbreak of war between two extremely militarized military blocs, huge stockpiles of weapons in the hands of ideologically indoctrinated soldiers caused enormous damage to the warring parties. The Second World War was the bloodiest conflict in the history of mankind, killing more than 50 million people and leaving behind more than 100 million seriously injured.
The Politics of Militarization in the Cold War Era
The expression cold war was first used by George Orwell. To them, he described the relationship of the alleged 2-3 "monstrous superstates" possessing nuclear weapons, which, in view of its absolute destructive power, could not be used without the complete destruction of the participants in the conflict. The state of the Cold War assumed the existence of an unspoken agreement between these countries on the non-use of nuclear weapons against each other and the conduct of an indirect struggle among themselves, without participating in open conflicts.
The irreconcilable ideological differences between the two sole superpowers that the USSR and the US became after the end of World War II led to a monstrous round of militarization in the postwar period. The Cold War was characterized by both a conventional arms race and a nuclear-missile race in the sphere of strategic dominance.
Taking into account the huge scientific, technical and economic potentials of the two superpowers, they produced colossal stocks of weapons (designed for a new world war), to the detriment of the material well-being of citizens.
Immediately after the end of the Second World War, due to the superiority of the USSR in the field of conventional weapons in Europe, the United States began to prepare plans for a massive nuclear bombardment of the Soviet Union in case of war. US President Dwight Eisenhower dubbed this approach Massive Retaliation.
However, soon after the Soviet Union had its own nuclear weapons and a large number of jet fighters capable of intercepting American bombers, American strategists began to look for a new suitable doctrine.
With the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles, nuclear deterrence with mutually assured destruction has become such a doctrine. Both sides invested huge material resources in the creation of a nuclear missile arsenal that guaranteed a retaliatory strike against the enemy and infliction of unacceptable damage on him in the event of a first strike from the enemy.
A particularly important place in such a doctrine was given to the creation of a significant number of nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles on board (SSBNs), as well as a whole fleet of submarines hunters for SSBNs and surface ships. The increased secrecy of SSBNs compared to other platforms based on nuclear weapons implies insensitivity to the first nuclear strike from the aggressor and implies a guaranteed retaliatory strike.
Of course, to maintain the pace of such an active build-up of armaments, a great strain on the economy was required. The Soviet Union has always lagged far behind the United States in the field of economy, but since the 1970s, parity has been observed in the field of armaments. This was achieved due to the total dominance of the military-industrial complex in the Soviet economy, when up to 40-50% of GDP was spent on military needs. The militarization of the state has reached alarming proportions.
The ruinous and senseless waste of resources from a human point of view for the needs of militarization became one of the main reasons for the severe economic crisis that led to the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War.
Socialist experiments were widely disseminated in industry and in the organization of urban life. By October 1, 1919, the Soviet state had nationalized 2522 manufacturing enterprises - more than half of all operating enterprises. These were large and a significant part of medium-sized factories and factories with a total number of workers of more than 750 thousand people.
The entire industry was switched to work for the front, enterprises not related to defense production were closed, and workers were paid or transferred to other places. The Soviet Republic had so few raw materials and food resources that only a very limited number of enterprises could be supplied with them. Large factories and plants working for defense were allocated to special groups of shock enterprises. They were declared militarized, the workers were exempted from being drafted into the army. Such factories and factories were primarily supplied with raw materials and fuel, and those who worked on them received Red Army or other increased rations.
The tendency towards centralization dominated the organization of industrial management. The desire for centralized state management of industry was dictated not only by military conditions. Not the last role was played by the ideas of the Bolsheviks about socialism as a society in which commodity-money relations have been abolished and the state acts as a gigantic distributor of material resources. Centralization was closely connected with the state monopoly on the means of production, which was vigorously asserted during the years of the civil war. Ideas about the socialist national economy as a well-coordinated organism, working on the principle of a single factory, controlled from a strong center, dominated.
A characteristic feature of economic life was the trusting of enterprises. In the autumn of 1918, the metalworkers' trade union initiated the creation of a trust uniting transport plants and enterprises supplying them with raw materials and fuel. This idea came to life in the form of a large association of a whole group of plants, called the State United Machine-Building Plants (GOMZ). The board of the GOMZ was one-third made up of representatives of the Supreme Economic Council and two-thirds were elected by the trade unions. In the report of A. Rykov at the III All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions (April 1920), information was given, according to which there were 53 trusts formed according to the GOMZ type in the chemical, nail-wire and copper industries. Board members consisted of 232 people. Of these, 83 were workers (36%), 79 were engineers (34), 50 were employees (22%). In total, by the beginning of 1920, there were 179 trusts in the country, uniting 1,449 enterprises.
The leadership of industry was concentrated in the sectoral main departments and central committees (head offices and centers), as well as in the production departments of the Supreme Economic Council. In total, by the end of the civil war, there were 52 central offices, 13 production departments and 8 "mixed" departments of the Supreme Council of National Economy, to which certain industries were subordinate. Appropriate administrative apparatuses were formed locally. All this led to an increase in the number of managers. So, if in the first half of 1918 there were about 50 thousand people in the ranks of the trade union of Soviet employees, then by the beginning of 1920 - 550 thousand, and by July 1921 - 1 million 67 thousand people. In the sphere of material production, an abnormal situation was developing, when the working class was rapidly declining, and the sphere of management was replenished with tens of thousands of new employees.
In 1920, the total number of textile workers in comparison with 1913 was only 27.3%, metal workers - 78.7, miners - 56.5%, etc. The Petrograd and Moscow proletariat suffered tangible losses. In 1920, there were 282,200 fewer workers in Petrograd industry than in 1917. In Moscow, 117,000 workers left factories and factories. In the recent past, the crowded workers of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk and Vladimir provinces retained only a fourth and a fifth, respectively, of the workers.
Opposite processes were going on in the sphere of management. If in 1913 there were 8.1 employees in industry per 100 workers, then in 1920 there were already 16 of them. up to 24 thousand people In addition, 93,500 employees worked in provincial economic councils, 106,000 in county economic councils, and a total of 234,000 employees were employed in the system of economic councils. For comparison, let's say that the number of workers in the economic councils in 1920 was equal to the number of workers in the entire textile industry.
The main reason for the swelling of the Soviet state apparatus was the total nationalization of industry. The state, having become the owner of the main means of production, was forced to ensure the management of hundreds of factories and factories, to create huge administrative structures that were engaged in economic and distribution activities in the center and in the regions. Moreover, the role of the central authorities increased. Management was built "top-down" on strict directive-command principles, which limited the initiative on the ground.
Lack of raw materials, fuel, famine had an extremely hard effect on industry. Labor productivity has steadily declined. In 1917-1919. throughout the entire census industry, gross output per worker per year decreased by 2 times, and in the machine-building and metal-working industries by 4.5 times. Output per worker in 1920 was less than one-third of the pre-war level. The fall in labor productivity in industry was caused not only by the situation of devastation and famine, but also by the equalization of wages. In the autumn of 1919, the earnings of a highly skilled worker exceeded those of a handyman by only 9%.
Material incentives to work disappeared, and with them the very desire to work also disappeared. At many enterprises, absenteeism amounted to 50% of working days. According to L. Trotsky, the worker spent 80% of his time looking for food and only 20% actually working.
The old discipline of labor, kept on the "master's eye" and economic coercion to work, collapsed. New, founded, as the leaders of the Bolshevik Party assumed, on. the consciousness of the workers did not take shape. Under these conditions, mainly administrative measures were taken to strengthen the discipline of the workers. Forced labor grew out of egalitarianism, out of the lack of economic incentives, due to the fact that, quite often, factory earnings could not provide a living, and also because of the catastrophic shortage of labor.
On November 14, 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the "Regulations on the workers' disciplinary comrades' courts", which provided for such punishments as sending malicious violators of discipline to heavy public works, and in case of "stubborn unwillingness to submit to comradely discipline" to subject "as not a labor element to dismissal from enterprises with transfer to a concentration camp.
On January 15, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the first revolutionary army of labor, which legalized the use of army units for economic work. On January 20, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the procedure for conducting labor service, which decreed the involvement of the population, regardless of permanent work, in the performance of labor service (fuel, road, horse-drawn, etc.), the redistribution of labor, the conduct of labor mobilizations and the creation of relevant authorities, etc. Forced labor was elevated to the rank of state policy”
The IX Congress of the RCP (b), held in March-April 1920, adopted a resolution "On Economic Construction". This document spoke of the need to prepare a unified economic plan designed for the coming era. Its implementation was to be based on the cornerstones of "war communism" - labor mobilization, labor armies, food requisitioning, one-man command and strict centralization in management. At the end of the civil war, the party already considered war communism not as a policy forced by the war, but as a means of building a new society, as a policy calculated on the direct introduction of socialism, bypassing the transitional period from capitalism to a socialist society. The apogee of the policy of "war communism" was the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars of the late 1920 - early 1921 on the closure of the State Bank, on the free provision of workers, employees and their families with food, clothing and footwear, on the abolition of payment for apartments and utilities, travel in public transport, on naturalization of wages.
480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays
240 rub. | 75 UAH | $3.75 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Abstract - 240 rubles, delivery 1-3 hours, from 10-19 (Moscow time), except Sunday
Medvedeva Marina B. Socio-economic consequences of the militarization of the economy of imperialist states: il RSL OD 61: 85-8 / 660
Introduction
Chapter I. ESSENCE AND ECONOMIC REALIZATION OF IMPERIALIST MILITARISM 81
1.1. Socio-political roots of militarism and its apologetics in bourgeois economic literature 11-32
1.2. The military-industrial complex is the material embodiment of militarism 32-58
1.3. Waste of resources in the conditions of militarization 59-81
Chapter II. INFLUENCE OF MILITARIZATION ON THE SITUATION OF WORKERS UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS.... 82-141
2.1. Fiscal exploitation and its strengthening 82 - 102
2.2. Rising unemployment. The role of the conversion of military production in solving the problem of employment 102 - 122
2.3. Arms race and environmental destruction 122 - 141
CONCLUSION 142-145
BIBLIOGRAPHY 146-183
PRSHUKENIA, 184-196
Introduction to work
The current stage in the development of capitalism is characterized by an increase in its instability, an aggravation of all socio-economic contradictions. At the same time, as Yu.V. Andropov emphasized at the June (1983) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, "the balance of forces on the world stage has changed significantly. An unprecedented aggravation of the struggle between the two world social systems" /I/.
Unable to withstand economic competition with the world socialist system, the ruling circles of the capitalist countries have taken a course of tougher confrontation with the socialist countries, a policy of threatening military force, and an even more significant buildup of nuclear weapons.
As a result, international relations have entered a stage where the problems of war and peace have come to the fore among all the problems of our time. As the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Yu.V. Andropov noted, "the problems of the world are most directly related to the protection of the fundamental social interests of the working people" /2/. War is a threat not only to the future, but also to the present. The whole world is in danger, and more than ever, the struggle proclaimed by the communists as a fundamental programmatic task to rid the world of a military catastrophe and its causes is acquiring world-historic significance. According to Lenin's description, "the end of wars, peace among peoples, the cessation of robberies and violence - this is precisely our ideal ..." / 3 /.
The imperialists are constantly increasing the scale of military preparations. The deepening process of militarization of the economy of the imperialist states in the modern period is becoming an insurmountable obstacle to world socio-economic progress.
The militarization of the economy is one of the clearest manifestations of the general crisis of capitalism. It leads to a serious deformation of the reproduction process in capitalist countries. The artificially inflated demand for military products, due to the unproductive nature of military consumption, leads to a narrowing of the possibilities for expanded reproduction, since military products cannot be used either for productive or for personal consumption. There is a violation of the rational balance between the main spheres of society, which as a result slows down the development of civilian industries.
The growth of unproductive military spending was one of the most serious factors in the reduction of production and the development of a structural crisis in a number of sectors of the capitalist economy. The long-term increase in military spending and the resulting diversion of production resources from the civilian economy was one of the reasons for the development of stagflation.
The intensification of military preparations makes it necessary for the bourgeois states to mobilize more and more financial sources to cover the growing costs. Under these conditions, distribution relations, as well as the general conditions of reproduction, are subject to significant deformation, which is reflected primarily in the further militarization of public finances, in particular the budgetary policy of the leading imperialist countries, the military priorities of which are clearly visible in the countries of the aggressive NATO bloc. Moreover, the increase in appropriations for new military programs is due to a sharp reduction in spending on social needs. In other words, the militarization of budgetary policy leads to "social dismantling" in the capitalist countries.
At the same time, the failure of the state-monopoly regulation of the economy is exposed with particular force due to the fact that an increasing share of the state's resources goes to non-productive consumption, worsening the conditions for the reproduction of the labor force. The state is unable to provide the necessary financial base for social maneuvering. The result of this is, first of all, the growth of the internal tension of bourgeois society, the further deepening of all the contradictions of modern capitalism, which leads to the strongest social explosions.
The militarization of the economy has become the most important and permanent condition for the enrichment of the most reactionary part of the monopoly bourgeoisie, which is connected with war production. We are talking about the military-industrial complex (MIC), which is an "alliance of arms magnates, reactionary politicians and ideologists. It concentrates enormous power in its hands when it manages to put forward its most executive and aggressive proteges to power. Anti-communism and hegemonism constitute in his ideology a single whole" /4/.
In the conditions of the growing instability of capitalism, bourgeois ideologists are trying to substantiate the thesis that militarization is a stimulus for the economy, a factor in maintaining employment. At present, against the backdrop of the intensification of the arms race, it is of particular importance to expose the theoretical concepts of militarization apologists on the basis of an analysis of the class origins of the arms race and the socio-economic consequences that it brings to the peoples. This is the relevance of this study.
The object of research is the process of militarization of the economy of imperialist states, its impact on the system of production relations of capitalism. The purpose of the work is to determine the latest patterns of the process of militarization of the economy in the 70-80s, to clarify the nature and extent of the impact of militarization on the most important social problems of modern capitalist society.
To achieve the goal of the work, the following tasks were set: to consider the economic foundations for deepening the process of militarization at the present stage of the general crisis of capitalism; reveal the relationship between the militarization of the economy and the deepening of the general instability of capitalist production; to show the features of the bourgeois apologetics of militarism in the conditions of the crisis of bourgeois economic thought in general, as well as to consider the latest concepts of militarization that arose at the turn of the 70-80s; trace the impact of the militarization of the economy on the position of the working people.
The methodological foundations for studying the social class nature of militarism, the militarization of the economy and its consequences are laid down in the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin. The materials of the CPSU and other fraternal parties, official government documents, and the writings of party and state leaders provide a deep Marxist-Leninist analysis of the latest phenomena in the system of state-monopoly capitalism, the reasons for the strengthening of the socio-economic contradictions of capitalism.
The current level of development of the problem. The process of militarization of the capitalist economy, the policy of the bourgeois states, which is a factor in the intensification of the arms race, were analyzed in the works of Soviet scientists: V.A. Aboltin, A.M. Alekseev, G.A. Arbatov, M.A. Balanchuk, M.I. Burlakov, B.G. Boldyrev, V L. Vasin, E.I. Varga, Yu.E. Vlasevich, S.A. Dalin, A.A. Vygodsky, V.M. .
V.V. Borisov, L.M. Gromov, V.I. Gromeka, A.A. Gurov, N.N. Inozemtsov, A.A. Kornienko, G.M. .Kuzmina, G.M.Kumanina, S.T.Mazhorova, S.M.Menshikov, A.A.Migolatiev, V.M.Milshtein, A.B.Nikolaev, M.P.Petrova, G.M.Podo -rov, B.D. Pyadysheva. An extensive analysis of the socio-economic consequences of the militarization of the capitalist economy is contained in the works of N.I. Vetrova, L.P. Drobozina, M.I. Portnoy, O.V. E.I. Khesin, V.A. Fedorovich and others.
Despite the fact that the problems of the militarization of the economy, its destructive impact on the process of capitalist reproduction, as well as the functioning of the military-industrial complex, are among the phenomena of modern state-monopoly capitalism that are deeply and comprehensively covered in Soviet economic literature, a number of theoretically, ideologically and politically important issues have been studied. not yet complete enough.
The scientific novelty lies primarily in the fact that the thesis for the first time analyzes the latest bourgeois concepts of the militarization of the economy, which arose in the period of the 70-80s, when "the aggressiveness of the policy of imperialism and, above all, American" /5/ sharply increased.
In the economic literature, there is no consensus on a clear theoretical definition of the category of the military-industrial complex. The author considers the military-industrial complex as the central link in the militarization system that has engulfed the entire capitalist economy. This approach allows us to show the extent of its impact on the economy, politics, and ideology of the modern bourgeois state.
The paper gives a different political and economic definition of the military-industrial complex from those available in the literature as the unity of the power of monopolies, the state, the military and science, put at the service of militarization.
The process of militarization, which has engulfed the entire capitalist economy, is characterized by varying degrees of concentration of military production in one industry or another, in this or that region or state (as, for example, in the USA). This placement is by no means accidental. The bosses of the military-industrial complex deliberately go for this, since the deliberate increase in the concentration of military production in some regions and its weakening in others makes it possible to create a basis for "social maneuvering."
The paper attempts to reveal the relationship between the focal deployment of US military production (in sectoral and regional aspects) and the pro-militarist policy of the military-industrial circles, pursued in order to create a favorable socio-political climate to justify, in the eyes of the masses, a further increase in military preparations.
The reality of the 20th century is global problems that affect all of humanity. These primarily include environmental and raw material problems. Within this group of problems, one of the most important is the problem of the environment, its quality, since it is the environment that is the sphere of human habitation - the main element of the productive forces of society.
The process of militarization of the economy, constantly accelerating, is one of the most important causes of environmental degradation. In this case, the production of various types of chemical and bacteriological weapons, the testing of nuclear weapons, and so on, play a particularly dangerous role.
In this regard, the dissertation substantiates the provision on militarization as one of the main reasons for the development of the current environmental crisis in the West.
A significant part of the sources that provided material for the study has not yet been involved in scientific circulation.
Secondly, it is an examination of the system of socio-economic problems of modern capitalism, the aggravation of which occurs under the influence of militarization. Among them are the problems of financial exploitation of workers, employment, and, finally, environmental and raw material problems. The hypothetical possibility of the conversion of military production is considered, understood as a system of measures aimed at transferring military production to the production of civilian products, as a prerequisite for general and complete disarmament and a means of mitigating the severity of the employment problem. The funds released during the transfer of the military industry to the production of civilian products could be used to solve numerous social problems, "which are not solved only because of the diversion of colossal material, intellectual and other resources ..." /6/.
The process of militarization of the economy embraced practically all regions of the capitalist world, imperialist and developing countries. However, the work is built mainly on the materials of the United States of America, which is the citadel of modern imperialism, the country where the processes described have acquired the most grandiose scale and the most characteristic destructive features.
The dissertation consists of an introduction, two sections and a conclusion, presented on 145 typewritten pages, 13 appendices, notes and sources, as well as a list of references. -II-
Socio-political roots of militarism and its apologetics in bourgeois economic literature
Militarism is a complex social phenomenon. Being essentially a socio-political, superstructural phenomenon, militarism is organically connected with the mode of material production. Militarism arises directly in the sphere of social class relations, which influence the nature of the political, economic and ideological means used by the exploiting classes in the interests of building up military power in order to achieve the fundamental goals of their reactionary and aggressive foreign policy /I/.
One of the first Marxist definitions of militarism belongs to K. Liebknecht, who wrote: “Militarism acts as the army itself, and outside the army - as a system that embraces the whole society through a network of militaristic and semi-militarist institutions ... then it acts as a system for impregnating the entire public and the private life of the people with a militaristic spirit..." /2/. This definition fully reflects the essence of contemporary imperialist militarism.
For the first time, the social roots of militarism were revealed by F. Engels, who exposed the views of bourgeois theorists who interpreted war and violence as non-historical categories, determined by the "laws of nature", aimed at justifying the policy of seizures and robberies. Engels noted in his time that "militarism dominates Europe" /3/, emphasizing the militaristic spirit of bourgeois governments.
Violent forms of realization of economic interests are immanently inherent in class-antagonistic formations, "... violence, - F. Engels emphasized, - is only a means, the goal is, on the contrary, economic benefit" / 4 /. At the same time, militarism, being a "vital manifestation of capitalism" /5/, serves as a material and ideological justification for the aggressive policy of imperialism.
With the transition of capitalism to the imperialist stage, the geography of militarism expanded significantly, since the concentration of production was the material basis for the emergence and development of monopolies, and the production of military products became the sphere of activity of the most powerful monopoly associations. Military profit becomes part of the total profit appropriated by monopoly capital.
V.I.Lenin, following K.Marx and F.Engels, continuing research on the problems of the relationship between war and the economy in the era of imperialism, noted that "War is a necessary product of capitalism" /6/.
Wars accompanied the territorial redistribution of the world between a handful of imperialist powers. Capitalism, having entered the monopoly stage, "has grown into a worldwide system of colonial oppression and financial suffocation by a handful of 'advanced' countries of the gigantic majority of the world's population" /7/. In the era of imperialism, wars are a continuation of the policy of the bourgeois states only by other means.
The military-industrial complex is the material embodiment of militarism
A natural result of the development of militarism and state-monopoly capitalism is the emergence of a military-industrial complex, which is a "new and higher stage in the process of militarization" /I/. Its birth coincides with the end of the Second World War, during which the concentration of military production and military orders in the hands of the largest monopolies sharply increased. The VZH consolidates and strengthens the influential position of monopolistic groups that have associated themselves with the military business and have won strong positions in the relevant government bodies.
In Soviet economic literature, the term VZh appeared in the early 60s, and at the turn of the 60s and 70s, its content was revealed in the materials of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, documents of the world communist movement. Thus, the Conference of Communist and Workers' Parties in Moscow noted: "In the most developed capitalist countries, the influence of the so-called military-industrial complex, i.e., the alliance of the largest monopolies with the military in the state apparatus, is rapidly growing. This ominous alliance is exerting a growing influence on the policy of many imperialist states, makes it even more reactionary and aggressive. /3/.
Despite the large number of serious monographic studies of the military-industrial complex in our country, there is no consensus among Soviet economists about the structure of the military-industrial complex. So, for example, R. Faramazyan defines the military-industrial complex as a certain grouping of state bodies and private organizations, official and unofficial persons that have a decisive influence on decision-making in the military-political, military and military-economic fields in the name of ensuring both common class and their own own narrow selfish interests.
E. Bugrov believes that the VJ is a reactionary alliance of federal, military authorities and military-industrial corporations, the most militant grouping in the state-monopoly system, in which the general class aspirations of the monopoly bourgeoisie are sharply strengthened by the economic interest in the arms race and which therefore plays the role of a constant catalyst militaristic processes and major US military adventures.
According to E. Grevtsev, VZh is a special group, state-monopoly-financial, whose interests determine the domestic and foreign policy of the modern imperialist state /4/.
Despite some differences in these definitions, they all have in common that they all define the military-industrial complex as a special group of the monopoly bourgeoisie, its most reactionary part, showing the greatest interest in increasing the aggressiveness of imperialism, preparing and unleashing wars.
The development of state-monopoly capitalism, accompanied by aggressive imperialist aspirations, creates an objective economic basis for strengthening militaristic tendencies in budgetary policy.
The state budget of the major imperialist powers increasingly serves to redistribute national income in favor of the corporations that make up the military-industrial complex. The total amount of NATO's direct military expenditures alone increased from $18.7 billion in 1949 to $237.8 billion in 1980, amounting to over $2,600 billion /I/ in thirty years.
The 1970s saw a particularly sharp rise in the spiral of the arms race. At the same time, NATO countries seek to increase to the greatest extent those types of spending that directly lead to a further build-up of military power. At the same time, in the budgetary policy of most leading capitalist countries, especially the United States, there is a clear shift in priorities in favor of militarization, to the detriment of long-term programs of social transformation.
The solution of military-economic problems occupies one of the leading places in the activities of the modern bourgeois state. At the same time, the mobilization of resources to cover the growing military spending is of paramount importance in fiscal policy.
The military budget is a legislative application of the state for the receipt and use of financial resources of a certain volume and structure to meet military needs during a given financial year. At the same time, the statistics of bourgeois budgets, especially military budgets, is a complex system using numerous categories that serve to distort the true scale and nature of military preparations. This is especially true for the US military budget, in which direct military spending is officially reflected in the "national defense" section of the budget, which includes the budget of the US Department of Defense, the military program of the Department of Energy (the production of nuclear weapons, including neutron warheads) and some other programs. departments (NASA, civil defense, strategic reserves).
However, the amount of direct military spending does not give a sufficiently complete picture of the scale of the state's financial resources absorbed by the arms race. A large component of military spending is the so-called indirect spending financed under various items in the US budget. Their most important element is the payment of interest on the public debt, which is formed mainly as a result of the overstrain of the state budget in financing military spending, the payment of pensions to veterans and retired military personnel. Some other costs should also be included in indirect costs, in particular, funds for the maintenance of the coast guard, part of NASA appropriations passing under the section "general science, space and technology", as well as appropriations for military assistance to other countries that are not under the budget of the ministry. defense, but on the funds of the President of the United States.
The total amount of non-productive costs of the United States, directly and indirectly related to military activities, reached almost $230 billion in fiscal 1980/81, or $43.2 of total federal budget spending. Such a high proportion of military spending indicates a clear predominance of militaristic priorities in determining the structure of budget expenditures.
The concept of "human development" was introduced into international political and scientific circulation by the United Nations in the framework of the preparation of the world's "Human Development Reports", published by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) since 1990. In the Russian Federation, such reports have been prepared under the auspices of UNDP annually since 1996. In the first Russian report, a fundamental idea was formulated: the highest goal of economic and social development is to expand the opportunities for each person to realize their abilities and aspirations, to lead a healthy, full, creative life. The personality, the individual is considered in this concept not only as the most important factor in human development, but also as the main consumer of its results and achievements.
It follows from this that social and economic development in a country that is guided by the concept of human development should be aimed at providing the widest possible material opportunities to meet the basic human needs for quality education and health services, as well as ensuring human security in the broadest sense. this term. The greatest possible pluralistic social system is needed to provide choices for every individual. Finally, the unconditional priority of the rights and interests of the individual must be realized in society, the position that the collective, public and state interests are just an aggregated representation of individual interests must be established. In other words, the development of human potential is impossible outside a democratic system focused on the priority of individual human values.
Considered in the context of the ideology of human potential, the population, the quantitative and qualitative potential of its reproduction (demographic potential) are the condition, basis and goal of the development of society and the state.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims that in Russia the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law.
Demographic processes in a narrow sense cover the reproduction of the population: the natural movement of the population (birth, death, marriage, widowhood, divorce) and migration.
At present, an extremely unfavorable situation has developed in the Russian Federation in the field of population reproduction, which can be characterized as a protracted demographic crisis leading to irreversible negative demographic consequences.
Indeed, since 1992, the death rate in Russia has exceeded the birth rate, i.e. the number of deaths exceeds the number of births, resulting in a natural decline in the population. In 1992-1999, it amounted to 5.8 million people. Thanks to a positive external migration balance of 3.1 million people, the total population decline over this period was only 2.7 million people.
The most negative feature of the current demographic crisis in Russia is the unprecedentedly high mortality rate, especially in working age. At the same time, the mortality of men of working age is 4 times higher than the mortality of women. And in the first place came mortality from unnatural causes: accidents, poisoning, injuries, murders, suicides.
Characteristically, a steady increase in mortality in Russia has been observed since 1965, which distinguishes Russia from countries with traditional market economies. If in 1965 the general mortality rate of the population of Russia was 7.6 per 1,000 people, then in 1988 it rose to 10.7 per thousand, and in 1999 - 14.7 per thousand. From 1989 to 1999, the absolute number of deaths increased from 1.6 million to 2.1 million, i.e. 1.3 times.
The growth of mortality in working age and the increased mortality of men lead to an increase in the number of widows and underage orphans in the population, the predominance of single women in the older age groups of the population.
The increase in mortality in Russia in the 1990s occurs against the backdrop of a sharp deterioration in health and an increase in the disability of the population. Over the past decade, the incidence has more than doubled, and in all age groups of the population, including pregnant women and children. The growth of infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, syphilis, AIDS, as well as the growth of mental illness, is of deep concern. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco is on the rise. The deterioration of health negatively affects the opportunities for socialization of children, increases losses due to temporary disability at work, and leads to bleak old age.
No less unfavorable situation was observed in the 1990s in the field of fertility.
Decline in the birth rate has occurred in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, five times its reduction was of an acute, crisis nature.
The first sharp drop in the birth rate was observed during the First World War and the Civil War, after which the pre-crisis birth rate almost recovered.
The second fall occurred in the 30s and was associated with industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and dispossession, the struggle against dissidents, who almost destroyed the large, multigenerational, rural patriarchal family and made the urban family less stable.
The third decline in the birth rate is associated with the Great Patriotic War and the massive rupture of marital ties, military losses. In the 1950s, the birth rate partially recovered and the annual number of births fluctuated between 2.5 and 2.8 million people.
The fourth decline in the birth rate was observed in the 1960s and is explained by the "echo of war" - the reduction of female cohorts of childbearing age due to the low birth rate during the Great Patriotic War, as well as the massive involvement of women in the sphere of wage labor. Moreover, since the beginning of the 60s, Russia has switched to a two-child family model and a narrowed reproduction of the population (when the generations of children are smaller than the generations of parents). In the second half of the 1970s, the annual number of births settled at the level of 2.1-2.2 million children. In the 1980s, the annual number of births increased to 2.5 million as a result of an active demographic policy (the introduction of long partially paid parental leave for working women and students, reducing the intervals between births of children), as well as due to an increase the number of women of childbearing age (consequences of the "baby boom" of the 50s).
The last crisis reduction in the birth rate has been observed since the early 1990s. Since that time, the mass two-child family model has been replaced by a mass one-child family with an increase in the number of childless families. The number of births is declining from 1.8 million in 1991 to 1.2 million in 2000. Demographers explain the current drop in the birth rate by a decrease in the number of women in the most fertile ages (the second “echo of the war”), the continuation of the global demographic transition trend (a long-term decline in fertility and mortality and an increase in life expectancy) and the beginning of the second demographic transition in Russia.
Population decline is accompanied by its aging.
At the beginning of 2000, the proportion of the population of retirement age reached 20.6%, up from 11.7% in 1960, i.e. increased by 1.8 times. At the same time, the share of children in the population decreased from 30% to 20%.
The aging of the Russian population causes an increase in society's expenses for the maintenance of pensioners, requires an increase in insurance premium rates and makes reforming the pension system an objective necessity.
Currently, the Russian Federation has a relatively favorable situation in the field of labor resources and employment.
As of January 1, 2001, the working-age population in the Russian Federation was 87.1 thousand people, or 60.1% of the total population of the country.
According to the latest forecast of the State Statistics Committee of Russia from the base of 2000, with the expected overall reduction in the country's population, the working-age population and its share in the total population will increase until 2006 and will amount to 89.8 million people and 63.6%, respectively. This temporary phenomenon is due to the peculiarities of population reproduction in the 1980s, when another demographic wave of an increase in the birth rate was observed as a result of an active demographic policy.
However, starting from 2006, with all forecast options, a reduction in the number of working ages is inevitable. In 2016, only 80.4 million people of working age will remain (59.9% of the total population), i.e. in general, for the period from 2006 to 2016, the reduction will be a huge amount of 9.7 million people.
Even more negative changes are expected in the population younger and older than working age. The number of children will steadily decline from 27.9 million in 2001 to 20.6 million in 2016, while the number of older people will rise from 29.9 million to 33.4 million over the same period. This means a reduction in the population as a whole, especially its able-bodied part, and an increase in the number of pensioners in subsequent years.
This forecast was made taking into account the trends in the migratory movement of the population that are favorable for Russia.
To maintain the required population of the country, it will be necessary to carry out a socially oriented economic and active family and demographic policy aimed at reducing mortality, morbidity and increasing the duration of an active, creative life of a person, creating favorable conditions for improving the quality of life of families and the most complete realization of families' needs for children, attracting labor immigration and creating conditions for securing migrants in Russia.
- COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF RUSSIA
- large and mostly complex mineral resources, which in some categories are of world importance;
– the presence of industrial and scientific and technical capacities that meet the world level, and sometimes exceed it;
- numerous labor resources with a high general educational level and good professional training;
- large scale of fixed production assets in industry and transport, allowing saving on investment costs.
At the same time, weaknesses affect foreign economic relations and the entire economy of the country, which cannot be eliminated in a short time without large financial and other costs.
Namely:
- the predominance of technologies and methods of organizing production that are not competitive by modern standards, its extremely high resource intensity and cost (including in technologically advanced sectors);
– colossal depreciation of fixed assets, limited opportunities for internal accumulation;
- weak motivation and low intensity of labor, the inertia of the bureaucratization of the economy, as well as significant socio-political instability;
- a sharp unevenness in the economic development of the regions and gaps in living standards between them;
– tangible, especially after the collapse of the unified national economic complex of the USSR, the irrationality of the location of production, zones of consumption of communications (including export), a high proportion of long-distance transportation by transport;
- a large dependence of living standards and industrial modernization on imports and attracting foreign loans, a difficult situation with payments on foreign debt that has reached a large scale;
- the gap after the collapse of the CMEA and the USSR of the established lines of economic and trade relations, the lack of experience in marketing business in the new conditions, as well as an adequate infrastructure.
In the specific conditions of the beginning of the transition period, the comparative advantages of the Russian economy were either used to a limited extent and ineffectively, or not used at all. The crisis led to the fact that the existing competitive advantages were gradually lost. There was a critically low increase in proven geological reserves, an outflow of scientific and technical reserves and R&D personnel abroad, the departure of professionals from the production sector to commercial business, an overestimated level of wages in monopolized industries and a corresponding decrease in international competitiveness. The physical aging of fixed assets in industry, agriculture, and transport has accelerated, leading to their retirement or emergency state.
The main goal of the WES development is the equal integration of Russia into the system of international economic relations in order to use the advantages of the international division of labor in the interests of the country.
- VOLUNTARY BARTER
The concept of barter came to us from ancient times, as we all know well, money as a means of exchange came into history after barter had already existed for more than 100 years. It has been found that using money or coins is much easier than exchanging products.
Barter is mostly used in business related to products or services, because they have something that can be sold and subsequently exchanged for money. Simply put, barter is the exchange of goods and services without the payment of money.
Many of us used to barter in our youth without even knowing it. For example, if you've ever given your friend a comic book in exchange for his basketball, you've been bartering. If you helped a neighbor paint a fence in exchange for a chocolate brownie, or if the gentleman at the crossroads helped fix your car in exchange for your lawnmower, you have also been involved in a barter process.
Some big companies have been using barter for a very long time. This is something your business should include because bartering has its benefits, such as helping you increase sales and save capital in some situations. As mentioned earlier, we all made barter in one situation or another, but it is very rare that the concept of barter has survived to this day.
With the help of new technologies being used in business now, the computer can keep track of barter news and lists, which will help increase the growth of this trading industry. For your information, now there is such a thing as a “barter exchange”, which is very different from “saving money”.
What is a "barter exchange"? These are groups of people who create a market for merchants for the purpose of bartering. Barter transactions also contribute to the growth of this industry. Today, the barter industry is a multi-million dollar industry and has become a very successful way of helping companies grow without capital investment to facilitate trade.
There is no doubt that bartering is big business and growing every year.
The main reason businessmen use barter is to save money. Since capital is vital to a business, this is an excellent strategy for retaining it. However, barter is not just about saving capital, it's about marketing your goods and services and normal transportation where products and services are exchanged instead of money being exchanged.
Barter definitely attracts customers, so the turnover will be good. Using barter is much easier than investing money. This is an acceptable way for absolutely all businessmen.
Barter promotes sales if all capital was directed to the creation, strengthening or purchase of a company. This is also good because it opens up other prospects for business. Where sales are low, bartering will prove that sales are not lost and will actually increase sales.
This is a possible expansion because it frees up the company's budget for other uses just as well as it reduces excessive holdings in securities. The fact that a business can grow without investing additional capital in it makes bartering an attractive project that needs serious study.
- PRIVATIZATION RESULTS
Privatization is often heavily criticized. It is argued that the new owners of property received it not on merit, but due to personal ties and informal relations with the first persons of the state and their relatives. Privatization is associated with the appearance of oligarchs in Russia, too strong and unfair economic stratification of the Russian population. A significant part of the Russian population perceives the privatization of the 1990s as immoral and criminal. The people even began to call it "grabbing".
On the other hand, according to Vladimir Mau, privatization was carried out in an extremely difficult economic, financial and political environment: the confrontation of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation with the President and the Government made it difficult to create a legal framework and carry out institutional reforms; The government was under strong lobbying pressure from the Supreme Council; at the time of the beginning of privatization, the state was not able to effectively control its property, spontaneous privatization became a mass phenomenon - the seizure of control over enterprises by their directors, who were not set up to develop enterprises, but to make quick profits.
According to Vladimir Mau, the main economic task of privatization was to increase the efficiency of the economy by creating the institution of private ownership of the means of production. While in certain sectors of the economy (service, trade) this task was solved fairly quickly, in industry and agriculture the desired effect was achieved much more slowly, largely due to the fact that, according to Mau, privatized enterprises became the property of labor collectives. , that is, under the control - and in the future and in the property - of their directors. However, Anatoly Chubais himself later said that the privatization was carried out for the sole purpose of preventing the communists from coming to power.
Privatization in Russia began after the adoption of the USSR Law "On State Enterprise (Association)" in 1988. At this stage, it was carried out in the absence of the necessary regulatory framework. At the same time, its real scale remained unknown. By the summer of 1992 (the beginning of the privatization program), more than 2,000 enterprises were privatized "spontaneously" according to OECD estimates. Only in 1991, the development of legislation on privatization began with the Law of the Russian Federation of 3/7/1991 "On the privatization of state and municipal enterprises in the Russian Federation" (as amended on 5/7/1992).
Later in Russia there was a transition from socialism to capitalism.
A group of so-called "oligarchs" appeared in Russia, owning property, which they got for relatively little money.
Privatization has compromised itself in the eyes of many Russians. The political rating of one of the main ideologists of privatization, Anatoly Chubais, is still one of the lowest among Russian politicians.
At the beginning of 2008, the same problems are on the agenda: now the privatization of social services, social guarantees of the state, since the failure of state management of the social sphere is clearly visible. And a new tool for privatization will probably be personalized budget financing (state nominal financial obligations - GIFO), or in another way - State certificates (for example, a Generic Certificate, etc.), which will allow (while maintaining state funding) to work in the service sector for private enterprises.
About 80% of Russian citizens in 2008 continue to consider privatization dishonest and are ready to some extent to revise its results.
etc.................
Theme Politics (1)
Part 1
1. The political regime, which is characterized by a clear separation of powers, a multi-party system, the preservation of civil liberties, regular elections, is called
2. The democratic regime is characterized
1) the presence of a free press
2) complete subordination of the individual to the state
3) militarization of public life
4) lack of constitutional rights and freedoms
3. A totalitarian regime, unlike a democratic one, is characterized by
1) the existence of political pluralism
2) the ability to exercise state coercion
3) the existence of publicity
4) domination of one ideology.
4. The program of the political party says: “The party considersmain principleits ideology to ensure the continuity of development, taking into account historical traditions and foundations in the development of political decisions. What ideology does this party adhere to?
1) revolutionary; 2) liberal; 3) conservative; 4) communist.
5. One of the leading features of a democratic political regime is
1) the presence of one party, merged with the state
2) the desire of the state to regulate all aspects of society and the private life of citizens
3) guarantee of human rights and freedoms by laws
4) lack of legal guarantees for the rights of minorities.
6. Which of the following features characterizes a totalitarian state?
1) a wide range of political views are represented in the media
2) mass agitation and propaganda is carried out by the only party in the country
3) the activities of the opposition forces are carried out in accordance with the laws
4) the powers of the head of state are limited by the representative body of power.
7. The forms of territorial-state structure include
1) democracy; 2) republic; 3) federation; 4) monarchy.
8. Which of the signs characterizes a totalitarian state?
1) a developed system of laws protects the rights of the individual;
2) various social movements and parties operate freely
3) the law does not limit the powers of the head of state
4) the system of state bodies is built on the principle of separation of powers.
9. Unitary state
1) is a union of sovereign states
2) involves the division of the state only into administrative-territorial units
3) includes entities that have the right to conduct foreign policy activities
4) excludes any form of self-government.
10. A totalitarian political regime has been established in the country, as evidenced by the following
1) there is a monopoly on the power of one political party;
2) citizens are obliged to obey the laws
3) the state does not interfere in the affairs of civil society
4) elections to state authorities are carried out on an alternative basis.
11. An indicator of political pluralism is
1) the presence of political opposition in the country
2) party leadership in all spheres of society
3) electivity of authorities
4) the presence of a political system.
12. A sign of democracy is
1) the principle of democracy
2) state control over the media
3) centralized leadership and management of the economy
4) priority of executive power.
13. Are the following judgments about a federal state correct?
A. In a federal state there are federal authorities and authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation.
B. According to the Constitution, Russia is a federal state with a republican form of government.
14. The hallmark of a totalitarian regime is
1) monopoly on the power of one political party
2) non-interference of the state in the affairs of civil society
3) the duty of citizens to obey the laws
4) holding elections to state authorities on an alternative basis.
15. A sign of a totalitarian political regime is
1) the existence of a single obligatory ideology for all;
2) guarantees of the rights and freedoms of citizens;
3) multi-party political system;
4) ideological pluralism
16. A sign of a democratic political regime is
1) merging the party apparatus with the state;
2) ideological pluralism;
4) one-party political system.
A. Russia as a federal state is characterized by the equality of subjects.
B. The federal form of government is characterized by the presence of a bicameral parliament.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true;
18. The concepts of "unitary state", "federation" characterize
1) political regime;
2) administrative-territorial division;
3) territorial-state structure;
4) form of government.
19. A sign of a democratic political regime is
1) rigid centralism in politics;
2) total state control over all spheres of public life and over the individual;
3) the presence of a one-party system;
4) political and ideological pluralism
20. Religion plays an important role in the state of N. Customs and traditions are strictly observed. The attitude towards reforms and other changes in political life is negative. What ideology is dominant in this state.
1) conservative; 2) liberal;
3) revolutionary; 4) Marxist.
21. Which judgment is correct?
A. An association of several sovereign states created to solve common problems is called a federation.
B. A confederation is characterized by a contractual basis of formation.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
Part 2
IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the types of political regimes and their features.
Answers:
IN 1 | BBBAA |
||||||||
Preview:
Theme Politics (2)
Part 1
1. Political power relations include the relationship between
1) parents and children; 2) man and nature;
3) the church and parishioners; 4) the individual and the state.
2. Forming parties is about spreading norms
1) morality; 2) parliamentarism; 3) rights; 4) traditions.
3. As a result of the parliamentary elections in the state of M., a political crisis arose, the cause of which was the disagreement on the candidacy of the president that arose between the two parties that won the elections by a minimum gap. What form of government exists in the state of M.?
4. Are the following statements about a parliamentary republic correct?
A. In a parliamentary republic, the leading position in the system of public authorities belongs to the president.
B. A parliamentary republic differs from a presidential one in less political stability.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
5. One of the functions of democratic political power is
1) suppression of the resistance of the discontented part of the population of the country;
2) retention of power in the hands of one political force;
3) ensuring the ruling elite in all spheres of public life;
4) search for mechanisms to ensure social stability.
6. A distinctive feature of the rule of law is the recognition
1) natural human rights as a core value;
2) the principle of equality of citizens in incomes;
3) parliament as an institution of legislative power;
4) elections as the main mechanism for the implementation of democracy.
7. In the state of N., the people actively go to the polls. Political power makes extensive use of coercion, many media are financed from the state budget, the army is endowed with great powers, citizens must support the state ideology approved by the ruling party. What type of political regime exists in this state?
1) democratic; 2) anarchist; 3) authoritarian; 4) nationalistic
8. Are the following statements about elections correct?
A. Precise and clear electoral procedures are critical to the development of democracy.
B. In elections under the majoritarian electoral system, there is a close relationship between voters and deputies.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
9. Which of the following is a sign of any state?
1) the presence of three branches of government;
2) the presence of public authority, which has an apparatus of control and coercion;
10. A political regime characterized by tight control over society, the imposition of an official ideology, and the persecution of dissent is called
11. Are the following judgments about the state apparatus correct?
A. To perform each of the functions of the state, a professional apparatus is required, acting taking into account the specifics of the work performed.
B. In the Russian Federation, only officials at the federal level are included in the structure of the state apparatus.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
12. One of the branches of power in a democratic state:
1) court; 2) police; 3) army; 4) prosecutor's office.
13. Central to the liberal democratic ideology is the idea
1) equal distribution of material wealth;
2) civil society;
3) class struggle;
4) the need to destroy exploitation.
14. In State X, after the parliamentary elections, the leader of the parliamentary majority proceeded to form a government. At the same time, the deputies of the parliament began to coordinate the candidacy for the post of president, who will perform the functions of the head of state. What type of state does state X belong to?
1) presidential republic; 2) constitutional monarchy;
3) parliamentary republic; 4) mixed republic.
15. Are the following judgments about totalitarianism correct?
A. Totalitarianism is the result of the development of post-industrial society.
B. The ideology of the ruling party becomes the ideology of the state in a totalitarian society
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
16. The external function of the state includes the function
1) cultural; 2) diplomatic; 3) political; 4) economic.
17. A necessary condition for the existence of civil society is
1) the presence of a bicameral parliament;
2) a high level of legal culture of citizens;
3) the existence of a market economy;
4) the presence in the Constitution of articles declaring the rights and freedoms of citizens.
18. In State G., at the time of voting, citizens receive lists of political parties competing for seats in parliament. By law, the winners will be parties that receive at least 7% of the vote; among the candidates in a given constituency, only one, in case of victory, will be able to take a seat in parliament. What is the electoral system in this state?
1) mixed; 2) majoritarian; 3) proportional; 4) multi-mandate
19. Are the following statements about political parties correct?
A. The ruling political parties are all parties that have won seats in Parliament.
B. One of the functions of a political party is ideological.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
Part 2
IN 1. Find in the list below the forms of territorial-state structure. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- unitary state;
- Monarchy;
- Confederation;
- Republic;
- Federation
IN 2. Find the signs of the state in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- political;
- law enforcement;
- social;
- Democratic;
- Ethnic.
Answer: ________________________
IN 3. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of "political system".
State, political consultants, social movements, political leaders, branches of government, political parties.
Find and indicate a term related to another concept
Answers:
IN 1 | |||||||||
IN 2 | |||||||||
IN 3 | Political consultants |
||||||||
Preview:
Theme Politics (3)
Part 1
1. Which of the following is a sign of any state?
1) The presence of three branches of government;
2) the presence of public authority, which has an apparatus of control and coercion;
3) the presence of a system of checks and balances;
4) the power structures have the right to establish the state ideology
2. Does not apply to the main functions of politics in society
1) prevention and settlement of group conflicts both within the state and in the international arena;
2) development of goals, objectives and prospects for the development of society;
3) regulation of supply and demand in the market of goods and services, setting prices for essential goods;
4) social redistribution of values and material goods.
3. The highest official in the Russian Federation, who, in accordance with the Constitution, does not belong to any of the branches of power of the Russian Federation, representing a system of checks and balances, is
1) the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation; 2) body of local self-government;
3) Government of the Russian Federation; 4) President of the Russian Federation.
4. The highest executive authority in the Russian Federation is
1) the Federal Assembly; 2) Government;
3) the Supreme Court; 4) Federation Council
5. Are the following statements correct?
A. Political power is exercised by all branches of government.
B. Political power extends throughout society.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
6. Political power arose as a result of people's need for
1) management of public relations; 2) "strong hand";
3) social justice; 4) supreme authority.
7. Are the following statements about political power correct?
A. Power appeared with the emergence of human society and will always accompany its development in one form or another.
B. Power is a volitional relationship between people inherent in society.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
8. The concept of legitimacy means
1) tolerance for other opinions; 2) confrontation of political ideas;
3) legitimacy of power; 4) swearing in the head of state.
9. Are the following judgments about the negative aspects of state power correct?
A. State power carries in itself indestructible impulses to omnipotence and total control.
B. State power has an ineradicable tendency towards bureaucratization and corruption.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
10. In a modern developed society, power is exercised on the basis of
11. Are the following judgments about the essence of power correct?
A. Any power means the ability, right and opportunity to command, dispose and manage someone or something.
B. All power is control over economic resources.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
12. Dominance based on the exceptional qualities attributed to the leader is called
1) totalitarian; 2) charismatic;
3) voluntaristic; 4) oligarchic.
13. The subordinate beginning in power relations embodies (yut)
1) the object of political power; 2) the subject of political power;
3) resources of political power; 4) the legality of political power.
Part 2
B 1. Write down the word missing in the diagram:
Answer: _____________________
B 2. Read the text below, with each position marked with a letter.
A. The generally accepted norm for the construction and functioning of the administrative apparatus in modern democratic states is the separation of powers. B. In our opinion, excessive concentration of power in one hand is the greatest danger threatening democracy, giving rise to despotism and lack of rights. B. The division of powers into legislative, executive and judicial assumes that the authorities, being independent from each other within the framework of their competence, mutually control each other. D. The highest body exercising constitutional supervision in Russia is the Constitutional Court. D. The principle of separation of powers is the most optimal way to implement the concept of the rule of law.
Determine what positions are
- actual character;
- The nature of value judgments
Write under the letter of the position a number indicating its nature:
B 3. Below are the names of the terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the state power. Find and write down the term that falls out of this row.
Federation Council of the Russian Federation, State Duma of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Federation, Legislative Assembly of the Rostov Region, Administration of the Rostov Region, Rostov City Duma.
Answer: ______________________________
B 4. Write down the word missing in the table
Judicial power in the Russian Federation
B 5. Write down the word missing in the table
State power in the Russian Federation
B 6. Write down the word missing in the diagram
Answers:
IN 2 | 12112 |
||||||
IN 3 | Rostov City Duma |
||||||
AT 4 | Supreme Court |
||||||
IN 1 | subjects | AT 5 | Supreme Court |
||||
AT 6 | Legal |
Preview:
Tests on the topic "Society" (1)
Part 1:
- A manifestation of the interdependence of society and nature is:
- Ecological crisis;
- Increase in solar activity;
- Crisis of overproduction;
- The complexity of social life.
- The chart shows data on the number of Internet users in some European countries.
What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
- Germany is the leader in terms of the number of Internet users in Europe.
- The audience of Internet users in the UK is larger than in Russia, but smaller than in France.
- The number of Internet users in Russia is less than in Germany, but more than in France;
- The number of Internet users in Germany exceeds the combined number of users in Russia and France.
- Are the following judgments about spheres of public life correct?
A. Spheres of public life are subsystems of society as a whole.
B. All spheres of society are inextricably linked.
3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
4. Among the sciences of man and society, individual social institutions, processes, social groups and communities are the subject of study:
1) economy; 2) sociology;
3) political science; 4) jurisprudence
5. Society as a dynamic system characterizes
1) the presence of public relations
2) isolation from nature
3) maintaining a connection with nature
4) the ability to self-development
6. The negative consequences of the globalization process include
1) deepening the international division of labor
2) dissemination of technological advances
3) weakening of national cultures
4) expansion of international cooperation
7. The process of familiarization with the values of human society, knowledge of the world, accumulated by previous generations, is called
1) science 2) education
3) art 4) creativity
8. Are the following judgments about the relationship between the spheres of public life correct?
A. Political decisions do not entail social and economic consequences.
B. Political institutions actively use the products of spiritual production.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
9. Are the following judgments about the ways of social development correct?
A. In an industrial society, the achievements of science began to be actively introduced into production.
B. In the period of post-industrial society, the industrial revolution was completed.1) only A is true; 2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
10. What illustrates the broadest meaning of the concept of "society"?
1) daily interaction of people;
2) international human rights society;
3) information society;
4) the past, present and future of a person.
11. Which of the following characterizes society as a dynamic system?
1) a set of elements and subsystems;
2) stable connections between parts of the whole;
3) updating elements and subsystems;
4) the presence of social relations.
12. Are the following judgments about social progress correct?
A. The concept of "progress" and "regression" unites the idea of the direction of social development.
B. Modern ideas about progress prove its inconsistency.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
13. Which of the following characterizes a post-industrial society?
1) the religious nature of culture;
2) the transition from natural to commodity production;
3) completion of the industrial revolution;
4) development of information technologies.
14. The government has restricted the import of foreign dairy products and meat. What areas of public life does this fact belong to?
1) economic and social; 2) political and economic;
3) social and spiritual; 4) economic and spiritual.
15. The predominance of the community, the underdevelopment of private property - characteristic features of society
1) traditional; 2) entering the era of the industrial revolution;
3) industrial; 4) post-industrial.
Part 2
IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the spheres of public life and social facts: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SOCIAL FACTS | SPHERES OF PUBLIC LIFE |
A) the use of metal ingots as exchange equivalents | 1) spiritual 2) social 3) economic 4) political |
B) an increase in the prices of goods in demand | |
C) creating an adventure novel | |
D) the existence of traditional-type families in modern society | |
D) active participation of Novgorodians in the city council |
Answers: Society 1
IN 1 | 33124 |
||||||
Preview:
Tests on the topic "Society" (2)
Part 1
- Are the following statements about society correct?
A. Society is a part of the material world.
B. Society is a dynamic system in which new elements can arise and old elements die.
2 . Which concept characterizes society as a dynamic system?
1) is part of the material world;
2) allows the emergence of new and the death of old elements;
3) includes all forms of human interaction;
4) is a certain stage in the historical development of mankind.
3. During the transition of society from industrial to post-industrial
3) priority development in the economy belongs to the service sector.
4) the industrial enterprise becomes the most important production unit.
4. What area of public life does the demonstration on television of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 belong to?
1) economic; 2) political; 3) spiritual; 4) social.
5. An industrial society differs from a traditional one in that…
1) there is a rigid division of people into classes, castes;
2) there are no social conflicts in it;
3) communal principles of social life dominate in it;
4) industrial enterprises become the centers of socio-economic life.
6. Air pollution associated with the growth in the number of industrial enterprises is an example of the relationship ...
1) societies and cultures; 2) society and nature;
3) civilizations and cultures; 4) ecology and morality.
7. The low level of development of science and technology, the agrarian nature of the economy, the presence of rigid barriers to raising social status, collectivist ideology are characteristic of
1) a democratic society; 2) post-industrial society;
3) industrial society; 4) traditional society.
8. In the course of a sociological survey in 2008 and 2009 in the city of N., schoolchildren and their parents were asked to answer the question: “Do you support the introduction of a compulsory school uniform?” The following results were obtained:
Answer options | % of respondents | |
2008 | 2009 |
|
Definitely yes / rather yes | ||
Neither yes nor no | ||
Probably not/definitely not | ||
Difficult to answer |
What conclusion can be drawn from the data in the table?
- More than half of the respondents do not have a clear attitude to this problem;
- The majority of respondents have a negative attitude towards the unified school uniform
- The number of those indifferent to this problem has increased significantly
- The number of supporters of school uniforms has decreased.
9. Relationships between people that arise in the process of artistic creation refer to
1) the economic sphere of society;
2) the political sphere of society;
3) the spiritual sphere of society;
4) the social sphere of society;
10. In the modern world, the problem can be attributed to the global
1) the development of world trade; 2) the creation of the European Parliament;
3) raw materials; 4) religious conflicts.
11. The transition to a post-industrial society is associated with
1) industrial revolution; 2) the globalization of the economy;
3) separation of trade from crafts; 4) division of mental and physical labor.
12. The development of a bill on the development of small businesses belongs to the sphere of public life
1) social; 2) political; 3) economic; 4) spiritual.
13. The manifestation of a global environmental problem is
1) terrorism; 2) the disappearance of rare species of plants and animals;
3) the threat of nuclear war; 4) low birth rate in a number of countries.
14. What is the correct judgment about the relationship between the spheres of public life?
A. The miners' strike demanding higher wages illustrates the relationship between the economic and social spheres of public life.
B. The adoption by the parliament of the law on the minimum wage reflects the relationship between the social and spiritual spheres of public life.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong
15. Communication of all spheres of society
1) follows from the integrity of society as a system;
2) is achieved by political struggle;
3) is provided by ideological work;
4) is established by law.
16. The development of nanotechnology indicates..
1) social revolution; 2) social progress;
17. Are the following statements correct?
A. Respect for customs, centuries-old traditions, the predominance of collectivist principles over private ones is inherent in a traditional society.
B. In a traditional society, individual characteristics of a person are highly valued, initiative and enterprise are encouraged
Part 2
IN 1. Which of the following is a social phenomenon?
- Emergence of the state
- Genetic predisposition of a person to certain diseases;
- Creation of new drugs
- Formation of nations
- The ability of a person to sense perception of the world.
Answer: ______________________________
IN 2. Establish a correspondence between the names of global problems of our time and examples of their manifestation:
IN 3. Find in the proposed list signs that are characteristic of Western civilization.
- Dominance of extensive technologies;
- Intensive and dynamic development;
- Adherence to customs, traditions;
- Rules of law are the main regulator of social relations;
- The idea of individualism and individual freedom;
- The idea of collectivism, the community plays a big role.
Answer: ___________________________________
Answers:
IN 1 | |||||||||
IN 2 | WABBA |
||||||||
IN 3 |
Preview:
Tests on the topic "Society" (3)
Part 1
1. The sphere of interaction between society and nature, in which people, on the basis of known laws, direct and control the development of natural processes in accordance with their needs, is called
1) biosphere; 2) ecology; 3) metaphysics; 4) noosphere.
2. What sign characterizes a post-industrial society?
2) an increase in the number of people employed in the service sector;
3) transition from an appropriating to a producing economy;
4) low level of social mobility.
3. Which judgment is correct?
A. From the point of view of K. Marx and F. Engels, civilization is a stage in the development of human society, following barbarism and savagery.
B. The totality of the unique manifestations of the social order of a country or group of countries is called civilization.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
4. What area of public life does the drafting of a draft law on the protection of wildlife belong to?
5. In which society are the main institutions the church and the army?
6. Holding the Miss Universe pageant is
1) to the social sphere of society; 2) to the political sphere of society;
3) to the economic sphere of society; 4) to the spiritual sphere of society
7. The creation of genetically modified food indicates
1) scientific and technological progress; 2) social progress;
3) social reform; 4) the regression of society.
8. Are the following statements correct?
A. A traditional society is characterized by the predominance of a rational perception of the world.
B. The desire to live in harmony with nature is characteristic of a traditional society.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
9. The social sphere of the life of society is made up of relations about
1) internal party struggle; 2) national identification of the person;
3) consumption of material goods; 4) participation in a referendum.
10. The change in social relations, which leads to the growth of social freedom and social justice, creates more favorable conditions for human development, is a manifestation of
1) progress; 2) entropy; 3) recourse; 4) degradation
11. The process of forming a planetary, economic, scientific, information space is called
1) emancipation; 2) globalization; 3) socialization; 4) disintegration.
12. Which of the concepts characterizes both society and nature?
1) system; 2) the entire material world;
3) forms and methods of interaction between people; 4) the stage of the historical development of mankind
13. In the transition of society from traditional to industrial ...
1) the predominance of agriculture over industry has been strengthened;
2) the importance of collectivist values has increased as opposed to the values of intellectual freedom;
A. O. Spengler argued that the historical process is characterized by such features as cyclicity and repetition.
B. According to O. Spengler, one civilization is distinguished from another by a “soul”, with the advent of which a culture is born, flourishes and dies when the “soul” loses its strength.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
15. What area of public life is the development of a project on environmental protection?
1) social; 2) spiritual; 3) political; 4) economic.
16. In which society are the main political institutions the church and the army?
1) in the industrial; 2) in the primitive; 3) in the traditional; 4) in the post-industrial.
17. Which judgment is correct?
A. Hegel argued that the source of any, including social, development is the internal contradictions of things.
B. The level of development of productive forces and production relations is a criterion for the development of society in accordance with Marxist teaching.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
18. What concept refers to the political sphere of society?
19. The latest scientific discoveries and inventions not only make life easier for people, making it more comfortable and convenient, but also pose threats to human health and give rise to global problems. This testifies to…
1) the contradictions of social progress;
2) the regression of society;
3) the irreversibility of social development;
4) cyclical social development.
20. What concept refers to the social sphere of society?
1) parliamentarism; 2) legislative initiative;
3) gross domestic product; 4) marginalization of the population.
21. The transition to an industrial society is associated with
1) awareness of the need to take care of natural resources;
2) a high level of development of science and technology, contributing to the implementation of the industrial revolution;
3) the emergence of a global environmental problem;
4) creation of the global information network Internet.
22. The opening of a large sports and recreation center in the city of N. refers to
1) the sphere of material production; 2) the spiritual sphere of society;
3) social sphere; 4) the political sphere.
Part 2
IN 1.
IN 2. Write down the word missing in the diagram
Answer ______________________________
Answers:
3 |
|||||||||||
3 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 15 | 3 | 19 | 1 | IN 1 | BAABB |
4 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 20 | 4 | IN 2 | Intensive |
Preview:
Tests on the topic "Society" (4)
Part 1
1. What concept refers to the social sphere of society?
1) family; 2) science; 3) state; 4) manufacturer.
2. If society loses the ability to perform one or another significant function, then this is a sign
1) reforms; 2) evolution; 3) recourse; 4) revolution
3. The state of B. refers to an industrial-type society. What basic feature will characterize this state?
1) the decisive importance of the service sector in the economy;
2) lack of division of labor;
3) the predominance of industry in the economy;
4) the leading role of agriculture in the economy.
4. The characteristic of society in the broad sense of the word includes the statement that it is
1) the entire material world;
2) a group of people united for mutual assistance;
3) association of people of the same profession;
4) all mankind as a whole.
5. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by
1) a revolution in the development of means of communication;
2) the birth of the social contract theory;
3) the transition from manual to machine labor;
4) the destruction of class privileges.
6. What fact testifies to the contradiction of progress?
1) the formation of world religions enriched moral standards with new commandments;
2) life in large cities has increased the burden on the human body;
3) the introduction of computers has expanded the possibilities of creative work;
4) the destruction of class restrictions increased social mobility.
7. Which of the following characterizes contemporary Western society?
1) the predominance of collectivist forms of consciousness;
2) underdevelopment of private property institutions;
3) agrarian type of society;
4) the special value of human individuality.
8. What example illustrates the interaction between society and nature?
1) tightening of environmental legislation;
2) organization of elections in the country to the parliament;
3) settlement of interethnic conflicts;
4) law enforcement activities of the state.
9. Are the following judgments about the ways of development of society correct?
A. A feature of industrial society is the emergence of law.
B. Customs and traditions play the role of social norms governing social life only in a traditional society.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
10. What criterion can be used to demonstrate the progressive nature of the development of society in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen?
1) advances in bioenergy;
2) the efficiency of the market economy;
3) refusal to use the death penalty as a punishment for especially grave crimes;
4) refusal to hire due to pre-retirement age.
11. Are the following statements correct?
A. The content of social progress includes the transition from the most complex, diverse relationships between people to simple and of the same type.
B. As a result of globalization, scientific and technological progress becomes the main destructive force of society.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
12. The government of the country has limited the export of foreign-made household appliances. What areas of public life does this fact belong to?
1) political and spiritual; 2) social and economic;
3) political and economic; 4) economic and spiritual.
13. The continuity of the historical process, the absence of clear boundaries between historical eras, sharp shifts and shocks are characteristic of
1) industrial society; 2) Eastern society;
3) transitional society; 4) Western society.
14. Which judgment is correct?
A. Social progress is carried out as a result of revolutionary changes and gradual reforms.
B. The law of the acceleration of history states that each subsequent stage takes more time than the previous one.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
15. What example illustrates the influence of nature on human activities?
1) pollution of the oceans by industrial waste;
2) destructive consequences of earthquakes;
3) administrative restriction of the hunting season;
4) creation of a park-reserve.
Part 2
IN 1.Find in the proposed list the facts related to the global problems of mankind. Circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Rise in the number of illiterates in the world
- Disappearance of rare species of animals and plants;
- The growing influence of the media on public opinion;
- Climate warming;
- The gap in the level of economic development between individual countries;
- Terrorism.
Answer: __________________________
IN 2.Indicate the correspondence between the elements of public life and the spheres of social life. For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second.
IN 3.Find the characteristics of a society as a dynamic system in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Constant changes;
- Lack of interconnection of subsystems and public institutions;
- The possibility of degradation of individual elements;
- Separation from nature;
- Ability for self-organization and self-development;
- Separation from the material world.
Answer: _______________________________
AT 4.Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the type of society: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second.
CHARACTERISTIC | TYPE OF COMPANY |
A) the class structure of society | 1) industrial 2) post-industrial 3) traditional |
B) the criterion for the stratification of society is the level of education, qualifications | |
C) the leading role belongs to information | |
D) an increase in the number of workers in industry | |
D) a significant role of the church and the army in regulating social relations |
Answers:
1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 4 | IN 1 | 2456 |
2 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 12 | 3 | IN 2 | AGVB |
3 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 2 | IN 3 | 135 |
4 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 14 | 1 | AT 4 | 12213 |
5 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 15 | 2 |
Preview:
Tests on the topic "Society" (5)
Part 1
1. The process of globalization is taking place in the modern world. It manifests itself
1) aggravation of interethnic relations;
2) formation and activities of terrorist organizations;
3) formation of a single educational space;
4) the emergence of new nation-states.
2. The process of transition from an appropriating economy to a producing economy is an example
1) social progress; 2) scientific and technological revolution;
3) social revolution; 4) social reform.
3. Determine the sign corresponding to the post-industrial society
1) the emergence of mass culture;
2) the economy is dominated by heavy industries;
3) the main criterion for the stratification of society is professionalism and the level of education;
4) society has an impenetrable closed structure.
4. Every year, millions of tons of oil and oil products enter the waters of the World Ocean. This fact is an example of the manifestation
1) global resource problem;
2) problems of world terrorism and maritime piracy;
3) the global problem of exhaustibility of raw materials;
4) global environmental problem.
5. The basic human need for organization, discipline, peace, law and order finds its realization in
1) economic sphere; 2) the political sphere;
3) social sphere; 4) spiritual realm
6. Which judgment is correct?
A. Society is distinguished by exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development.
B. The main actor in the choice of options for the development of society is a person.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
7. What sign characterizes an industrial society?
1) the leading role of agriculture; 2) lack of division of labor;
3) the predominance of handicraft production; 4) mass industrial production
8. The State Duma of the Russian Federation considered in the second reading the bill "On Additional Guarantees for Persons Discharged as a Result of Liquidation of Enterprises in Conditions of the Economic Crisis". What areas of public life does this fact belong to?
1) political and social; 2) social and economic;
3) political and spiritual; 4) economic and spiritual.
9. In the transition of society from traditional to industrial
1) the predominance of agriculture over industry has been strengthened;
2) the importance of collectivist values has increased as opposed to the values of intellectual freedom;
3) class differences intensified;
4) the industrial enterprise becomes the most important productive unit.
10. Country N. with a population of 10 million people is located in the southern hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether she belongs to traditional societies?
1) the population of the country professes different religions;
2) this country has a high level of social mobility;
3) the main means of production is land owned by the community;
4) mass culture is widespread in the country.
11. The concept of "element", "structure", "relationship" considers society as
1) human environment; 2) dynamic system;
3) an integral system; 4) separated part of the material world
12. The process of globalization is taking place in the modern world. It manifests itself
1) reduction of ties between the peoples of the world;
2) revitalization of the activities of racist and nationalist parties;
3) formation of supranational organizations;
13. Which judgment is correct?
A. The demonstration of students against the law “On the rights of employers in hiring young professionals” adopted by the country's parliament illustrates the relationship between the political and social spheres of society.
B. The admission of students on a commercial basis to public universities illustrates the relationship between the spiritual and political spheres of society.
1) true A; 2) true B; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
14. The manifestation of global social problems includes
1) life below the poverty line of the population of many countries;
2) ozone holes;
3) the threat of nuclear war;
4) uneven availability of natural resources in different countries.
Part 2
IN 1.
- Resolution of the legislative assembly of the region on preparations for the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Victory;
- Volunteer activities to help war veterans and the elderly;
- Granting a deferment from conscription into the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
- The Committee of Soldiers' Mothers distributed a memo for the conscript;
- The President introduced the candidature of the head of government for discussion in the State Duma;
- Observers from various political parties and movements were present at the polling station during the voting.
Answer: ________________________________
IN 2.Establish a correspondence between the ways of development of society and facts: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second.
IN 3.Write down the word missing in the table
Answer: ____________________________
AT 4.Find examples in the proposed list that reveal the activities of civil society institutions.
- Order of the Governor of the region on the construction of a children's art school;
- Meeting of residents of the microdistrict on the organization of car parking;
- The decision of the legislative assembly of the region on the provision of tax benefits to individual entrepreneurs;
- A well-known entrepreneur has established a fund to help homeless animals;
- The President introduced the bill for discussion in the State Duma;
Preview:
Theme "Law" (part B 1)
1. Write down the word missing in the table:
Legal liability for environmental offenses
Disciplinary
Responsibility of officials and guilty employees
Administrative
Responsibility of officials and citizens for violation of the requirements of standards and regulations
Material
Responsibility of officials and other employees, through whose fault the enterprise incurred the costs of compensation for damage caused by an environmental offense
Civil Law
Compensation for damage caused to citizens and enterprises in full
…..
Responsibility for committing environmental crimes
2. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of "suffrage". Write down the term that does not correspond to this concept.
Elections, referendum, election commissions, majoritarian electoral system, fine, proportional electoral system, secrecy of voting.
Answer: ___________________
3. Establish a correspondence between the names of the subjects of law enforcement relations and their functions: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column
Answer:
4. Find in the list below the property that, in accordance with the Family Code, is the individual property of the spouses. Write your answer as numbers in ascending order:
1) immovable property acquired during the marriage under a contract of sale;
2) property belonging to each of the spouses before marriage;
3) property received by one of the spouses during marriage as a gift, by way of inheritance or by other gratuitous transactions;
4) jewelry and luxury items acquired during the marriage;
5) personal items (shoes, clothes, cosmetics)
Answer: _______________________
5. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a letter.
A. With the advent of the first states, law arose. B. Modern democracies have an extensive legal system. B. However, it is not always effective in protecting the interests of citizens. D. At the same time, it must be admitted that the legal culture of the population remains extremely low.
1) actual character;
6. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that need to be inserted in place of spaces.
In our country, justice is carried out only by *** (A). In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Russia there is a single system *** (B). An important body of the judiciary is ***(C), which has the right, by its decision, to cancel normative legal acts that contradict ***(D). The highest body of judicial power in civil, criminal and administrative cases is *** (D). economic disputes between entrepreneurs and organizations are resolved by *** (E).
1) the state; 6) legal proceedings;
2) courts; 7) subject;
3) Supreme Arbitration Court; 8) Supreme Court;
4) political activity; 9) Constitutional Court.
5) The Constitution of the Russian Federation
7. Write down the word missing in the diagram.
Form of complicity in crime
…..
executor
accomplice
organizer
Answer: ______________________
8. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of "property". Find a term that falls out of the general range.
Possession, use, fine, disposal, risk of destruction of things, property, things, negatory action, vindication action, private property, know-how, money, securities.
Answer: ____________________
9. Establish a correspondence between the terms denoting ways of securing contractual obligations and their definitions: for each position given in the first column, select the position from the second column
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
A) the amount of money that one of the parties transfers to the other at the conclusion of the contract on account of future payments
1) penalty (fine, penalty)
2) pledge
3) surety (guarantee)
4) deposit
B) the obligation of a third party to the creditor of the debtor to be responsible for the fulfillment of the terms of the contract
C) any property or property right, which, in case of default by the debtor of the obligation, can be used to fulfill the obligation
D) the amount of money specified by law or contract, which the debtor is obliged to pay to the creditor in case of non-performance or improper performance of the obligation
Answer:
10. Find the names of public branches of law in the list below. Write your answer as numbers in ascending order:
1) constitutional law; 4) environmental law;
2) civil law; 5) financial law;
3) family law; 6) labor law
Answer: ____________________
11. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a letter.
A. The legal map of the modern world is very colorful. B. It includes more than 200 national legal systems. Q. They are very different from each other. D. Lawyers explain this fact by the fact that the law of a particular country developed within the boundaries of its own economic, social, political, cultural and religious structures. E. At the same time, national legal systems not only differ from each other, they have advantages and disadvantages, but they also have common features that make it possible to formulate global patterns and trends in the development of law.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments
12. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that need to be inserted in place of spaces.
***(A) is an agreement between the employer and ***(B), according to which the employer is obliged to provide work according to the stipulated labor function, provide ***(C), pay wages on time and in full. And the employee undertakes *** (D) to comply with the internal labor regulations in force in the organization. The conditions on the place of work, the date of commencement of work, the name of the position, profession, specialty indicating qualifications or a specific labor function, the rights and obligations of the employee and the employer, the characteristics of working conditions, wages and types of social insurance are *** (D). Conditions on probation, on non-disclosure of commercial, official or state secrets and others are *** (E). Employment contracts may be concluded for an indefinite period or for a fixed period, but not more than ***(F).
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose words sequentially one by one, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words on the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
- Necessary working conditions; 6) optional conditions;
- Three years; 7) mandatory conditions;
- Labor contract; 8) employee;
- work in person; 9) five years.
- civil contract.
13. Insert a word missing in the diagram
Subjects of civil legal relations
Individuals
the Russian Federation
….. faces
Answer: _________________________
14. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of "legal fact". Find a term that falls out of the general range.
Law-forming, law-changing, law-terminating, lawful, unlawful, direct
Answer: ____________________
Answers: IN 1- criminal; IN 2- fine; IN 3 – 11213; AT 4- 235; AT 5 – 1122; AT 6 - 169583; AT 7 - instigator; AT 8- fine. ( negatory action - it is a proprietary remedy. A distinctive feature of this remedy is that a negatory claim is filed only if the plaintiff and the defendant are not in a contractual relationship with each other. Otherwise, the right of ownership must be protected in some other way.Vindication claim- this is a claim by a non-owning owner to a possessing non-owner for the return of property from someone else's illegal possession. This type of claim is aimed at protecting the right to own property. In particular, according to Art. 301 of the Civil Code, the owner has the right to claim his property from someone else's illegal possession. (For example, a claim for the return of illegally occupied non-residential premises.)AT 9 - 4321; AT 10 O'CLOCK - 1456; AT 11- 21212; AT 12- 381476; At 13- legal;
At 14 -immediate
Loading...