Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is an outstanding Russian scientist, inventor, naturalist, philosopher. In 1883 he wrote the book "Free space", in which he described the processes taking place in space, its properties. It was in this book that Konstantin Eduardovich first proposed the rocket principle of movement in airless space. Was the space surrounding Konstantin Eduardovich himself free for creativity and scientific research? Unfortunately no. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857, and at the age of 9 he almost completely lost his hearing after suffering scarlet fever. When he entered the Vyatka gymnasium, there were problems with education - the gymnasium student Tsiolkovsky could not meet the requirements of the educational institution, fully master the material, pass exams. Children in every possible way bullied the talented fellow practitioner, subjected him to sophisticated bullying and ridicule. Konstantin Eduardovich later called this period "the saddest, darkest time of my life."
Konstantin was expelled from the gymnasium in the third year of study. Since that time, mistrust and bitterness have settled in his soul. But his natural curiosity and craving for natural sciences did not allow him to give up. Konstantin took up self-education, studied textbooks and monographs, conducted physical and chemical experiments at home. He had golden hands, and even in early childhood, he himself made toys, watches, skates. When the need arose experimental research, he managed to make a lathe, an astrolabe. Showing remarkable design talent, Konstantin built a variety of self-propelled mechanisms, the springs for which he extracted from old ladies' crinolines.
For three years, first in Vyatka, then in the Chertkovo public library in Moscow, he mastered not only the gymnasium program, but a significant part of the university one. Circumstances forced him to look for a livelihood, and Konstantin Eduardovich took up tutoring, and later teaching. This fact causes natural surprise: how did a person who is practically deaf managed to succeed in teaching? The fact is that Tsiolkovsky widely used visual methods - he conducted experiments with students, made models of geometric shapes and various aircraft.
Nevertheless, the free space around the scientist continued to shrink. The fire and two floods destroyed the devices, apparatus, scientific notes, calculations created by him. Konstantin Eduardovich, not being able to communicate with other researchers and not being aware of the scientific work carried out in the world, was doomed to “reinvent the wheel”. Many of his discoveries have already been made by other scientists.
Articles sent by Tsiolkovsky to scientific publications were not published, and his works were not published. Konstantin Eduardovich stopped hoping for recognition, but, nevertheless, continued his scientific activity. He studied biomechanics, aeronautics theory, and even eugenics. He was ignored as a scientist, but appreciated as an educator. In 1892, Tsiolkovsky was transferred to Kaluga, a teacher at a district school.
The beginning of the 20th century was especially difficult for the scientist: the death of his sons, lack of support from the scientific community, poverty, arrest. Nevertheless, Konstantin Eduardovich did not leave research activities, wrote books, improved the model of a balloon with a metal shell. He spent all his money purchasing materials. But his most important works were devoted to astronautics and the theory of rocket propulsion.
Only after 1923 the space surrounding the great scientist became more or less free. The Soviet authorities became interested in his works, publications and followers appeared. Many of Tsiolkovsky's ideas formed the basis of modern theories of space flight.
The famous Soviet writer A. Belyaev wrote a fantastic novel about the space station called "Star of the CEC". Have you already guessed what this acronym means? Quite right. These are the initial letters of the name Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky!
A.V. Kostin
Report at the Seventh Scientific Readings dedicated to the development of the scientific heritage and the development of the ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky (Kaluga, September 14-18, 1972).
Publication: A.V. Kostin. New about the family of K.E. Tsiolkovsky // Proceedings of the Seventh Readings, dedicated to the development of the scientific heritage and the development of the ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky (Kaluga, September 14-18, 1972). Section “Research of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. - M .: IYET, 1973 .-- S. 59 - 68.
KE Tsiolkovsky's relationship with his family had a certain significance in the life and creative process of the scientist, and he attached great importance to these relations.
The author of this article in last years he paid much attention to the study of materials about the life of K.E. Tsiolkovsky's two daughters: Maria Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina and Anna Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya-Kiseleva. Investigated life path three sons of the scientist: Ignatius Konstantinovich, Alexander Konstantinovich and Ivan Konstantinovich. In addition, the author was interested in the life and work of the scientist's son-in-law - Efim Aleksandrovich Kiselev, one of the oldest members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
It is quite natural that the role of the aforementioned relatives of KE Tsiolkovsky is difficult to even compare with the importance in his life and work of his wife Varvara Evgrafovna and daughter Lyubov Konstantinovna. They were his first and faithful helpers. It is no coincidence that a special report was devoted to the eldest daughter of the scientist at the Quadruple Readings, dedicated to the development of the scientific heritage of K.E. Tsiolkovsky (1).
However, a number of new documents, memoirs and epistolary materials studied by the author give the right to speak of these family members with deserved respect, since they played a certain role in the life of the scientist, provided him with support and assistance.
The scientist's eldest daughter, L. K. Tsiolkovskaya, wrote: “the father's criticism of everything around us pushed our thought as well; we were especially interested in the "damned questions" - about the beginning and the cause of everything, about the purpose of life of mankind and man, etc. " (2, p. 181).
In her memoirs, Lyubov Konstantinovna continues the thought: “My brothers grew up and began to reason too; Brother Ignatius was especially implacable to everything around him. He endlessly ridiculed both the orders and the carriers of these orders ”(3, p. 50).
Many are interested in the fate of Ignatius Konstantinovich Tsiolkovsky, because often in his literary and biographical works, due to his early death, he is surrounded by a veil of mystery.
Ignatius was born on August 2, 1883 in Borovsk. He was the second child of the Tsiolkovsky family. An exceptionally smart and capable boy studied well at the Borovsk district school and at the Kaluga gymnasium, for which his schoolmates called him Archimedes. Konstantin Eduardovich, according to his eldest daughter, assumed that after graduating from the university, his son would be deeply involved in the problems of physics and mathematics.
In the rough sketches of her memoirs, L.K. Tsiolkovskaya touchingly tells about this extraordinary person, about how he tried to alleviate the difficult financial situation of the family while still a schoolboy. “Ignatius began to earn money at the age of 16,” we read in the memoirs of his older sister, “and learned all the bitterness of a mercenary ... So one of the military ladies wanted to turn him almost into a footman for her overage son. Ignatius, usually reserved, burst into tears when he came home. To make life easier for his father, he entered a boarding house for government support. But drills there, life on call among alien children of wealthy parents added mental hardship ”(3, p. 80-81).
Working almost every summer as a tutor, Ignatius saved up money to study at a higher educational institution. After graduating with honors from the Kaluga men's gymnasium, in the summer of 1902, a 19-year-old boy left for Moscow to enter the university. At first he liked student life. To his sister Lyubov, who was working as a rural teacher at that time, he wrote that he went to theaters, listened to Chaliapin with delight. Then he announced that he was going to transfer from the physics and mathematics faculty to the medical one.
December 3, 1902 Tsiolkovsky received a telegram about the tragic death of Ignatius. Konstantin Eduardovich, who had left for the funeral in Moscow, learned from his son's comrades that the last days Ignatius had not attended the university, he was sad and thoughtful. KE Tsiolkovsky received a note from his son and almost the entire amount of money brought from Kaluga. Konstantin Eduardovich gave this money to his daughter Lyubov so that she could continue her studies at the higher female courses.
Several years ago, G.T. Chernenko, a Leningrad researcher of the life and work of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, discovered interesting documents about the last period of I.K. to the university, dated July 2, 1902 (4). Ignatius Konstantinovich poisoned himself with potassium cyanide. Death came instantly.
KE Tsiolkovsky's grief, who had lost his son, was great. With his characteristic self-criticism, he accused himself of not saving his son, because of his busy scientific and pedagogical work, he did not attach sufficient importance to his son's passion for decadent philosophy, did not direct him to a passion for science for the good of mankind.
Perhaps Tsiolkovsky was right in accusing himself, but he did not attach importance to another fact. At that time, in connection with the revolutionary ferment of students, a cruel punishment of the tsarist violence and arbitrariness fell upon them, which can be considered one of the reasons for the death of Tsiolkovsky's eldest son Ignatius.
The second son of the scientist, Alexander Konstantinovich Tsiolkovsky, was two years younger than Ignatius. Biographical information about him is even more scanty. He was born in the city of Borovsk on November 21, 1885. L. K. Tsiolkovskaya gives him the following description: “Brother Sasha was very nervous, he was very worried about all the suffering of people” (3, p. 82). According to her, after graduating from the gymnasium, the same as his brother, “... Sasha also tried to enter the university at the Faculty of Law, but for lack of funds ... he went to a teacher” (3, p. 48).
From the letter of K.E. Tsiolkovsky to his daughter Maria, we learn that in 1910 - 14. Alexander worked as a teacher in the village of Klimov Zavod of the Yukhnovsky district of the Kaluga province: “Be sure to write to Sasha, explain why you could not come to Klimov earlier ...” (5, office 314).
In 1913, already working as a rural teacher, Alexander Konstantinovich married a Kaluga teacher Yulia Andreevna Zhabina. Together they worked in the Yukhnovsky district, and then moved to the village. Bold of the Romnensky district of the Poltava province.
Memories of the sister of A. K. Tsiolkovsky's wife Anna Andreevna Solovieva, several postcards transferred to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, give us the opportunity to establish in what years and where the middle son of Konstantin Eduardovich worked as a teacher. According to the memoirs of A.A. Solovieva, Alexander Konstantinovich moved to Ukraine in 1918, and in the fall of 1923 he committed suicide (5, 6).
Ivan Konstantinovich Tsiolkovsky was also born in Borovsk on August 1, 1888. He was a sickly child from childhood. In rough sketches of her memoirs, L. K. Tsiolkovskaya writes: “The third brother Vanya had the ability to invent, but they were drowned out by the inability to work in a cramped room, with a nervous state of his father” (3, p. 11).
Due to poor health, Ivan Konstantinovich was able to graduate only from the city school and later courses of accountants. But he could not work at the counting job: he was inattentive, confused the numbers. But he helped Varvara Evgrafovna a lot in household chores, showing a rationalistic streak on occasion. So, he mechanized the delivery of water using his father's bicycle. He willingly and conscientiously carried out one-time assignments from his father: he copied his manuscripts perfectly, went to the post office and to the printing house, corrected the proofreading together with Konstantin Eduardovich, helped the scientist carry out experiments on aerodynamics and test models of airships.
In a difficult and hungry year 1919, IK Tsiolkovsky died of volvulus, poisoning himself with spoiled sauerkraut. Konstantin Eduardovich experienced the tragic death of his son for a long time. He put Ivan's photograph on his desk. She stood before the scientist's eyes until his death.
A year after Ivan's death in 1920, with the care of the student cooperative in Kaluga, K.E. Tsiolkovsky's brochure "The Wealth of the Universe" (Chapter from the book: "Thoughts on a Better Social Order") was published (7). The main text was preceded by the epigraph of Konstantin Eduardovich: “When publishing this article, I consider it my duty to remember my son Ivan, my conscious and dear assistant, who had copied all my works since 1918 and, in general, had been an active and meek employee of my family throughout his short life. He died on October 5, 1919, in severe torment, due to malnutrition and intense labor, 32 years of age ”(7, p. 4).
Maria Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina. On December 17, 1964, the newspaper Pravda published the following message: “Kaluga, 16. (By phone). Here, after a long serious illness, the daughter and faithful assistant of the great Russian scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Maria Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina, died.
Two months ago, the public celebrated the 70th anniversary of her birth with great warmth and cordiality. Dozens of congratulations were then delivered to Maria Konstantinovna by mail and telegraph.
Maria Konstantinovna contributed a lot to the propaganda of the works of her father. As a member of the Academic Council of the House-Museum of K. E. Tsiolkovsky, she helped to recreate the memorial room-study of the scientist in the museum ”(8).
These warm words on the pages of the central organ of our party refer to the last years of the life of M. K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina, the middle daughter of a scientist. She was an inconspicuous, but modest assistant to her father for many years.
Maria Konstantinovna was born in October 1894 in Kaluga in a house on Georgievskaya Street. Tsiolkovsky lived in this house for about ten years and wrote many of his fundamental works on cosmonautics and rocket dynamics, aviation and aeronautics; calculated and built a wind tunnel for research in an artificial air flow of aircraft models and geometric bodies of various configurations.
Maria Konstantinovna, like her older sister, studied at the state women's gymnasium. We learn about her first childhood years from her memoirs about her father, published in the newspaper "Commune" on the first anniversary of the death of K. E. Tsiolkovsky (10) and in the collection "Tsiolkovsky in the memoirs of contemporaries" (9, p. 227-235 ).
In the fall of 1913, after graduating from the 8th grade of the gymnasium, Maria Konstantinovna left for a remote Smolensk village to teach children to read and write.
It is very characteristic that Tsiolkovsky, being an excellent teacher, encouraged in his children the desire to bring enlightenment to the masses. Love, Alexander and Maria are theirs labor activity started as rural teachers. Father often gave them good advice, drawing on his rich pedagogical experience. In turn, he was very interested in the working conditions of teachers in the countryside, the economy and life of peasant farms.
There was regular correspondence between Maria Konstantinovna and her family. Several letters from Konstantin Eduardovich, Varvara Evgrafovna and Anna Konstantinovna to a young rural teacher have survived (5, 11).
The letters of Anna's younger sister to Maria Konstantinovna are sometimes funny, sometimes sad, but all witty and gentle. In these letters slip new facts about the father, about the way of life of the family.
In 1915, Maria Konstantinovna married a student at Moscow University Veniamin Yakovlevich Kostin. A good relationship is immediately established between the father-in-law and the son-in-law, built on mutual trust and respect. The surviving letter of Konstantin Eduardovich to V. Ya. Kostin is imbued with love. Tsiolkovsky confidentially writes to his son-in-law about his scientific affairs, about the life of his family (5, office 315). In the memoirs of M.V.Samburova (16) and others, kept in the funds of the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, a certain attention is paid to this friendship.
A number of materials found in Lately, says that in the difficult years of the civil war, during which Maria Konstantinovna lived in the village, she tried to support her father, mother and sister who lived in Kaluga with food. More than once she invited Konstantin Eduardovich to "feed" in the village, to which he replied that he could not leave his scientific work. In the correspondence of parents with their daughter Maria, in the letters of Anna Tsiolkovskaya to her sister, this imperceptible, but very necessary at that time material assistance to the scientist from the daughter and son-in-law is very clearly traced (5, 11).
In 1929, the family of Maria Konstantinovna moved from the village to Kaluga to her father's house. Imperceptibly, tactfully, without offending his mother, M.K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina takes up household chores. He goes to buy rations for his father, to the market, washes, cleans up, brings up six children. In 1932, during the days of the 75th anniversary of the scientist, he helps him in receiving numerous visitors.
In 1933, Konstantin Eduardovich moved with his family to a new house presented to him by the Kaluga City Council. Maria Konstantinovna is engaged in numerous economic affairs, takes care of the maintenance of the house in an exemplary manner, creates the most favorable conditions for her father for work and rest.
Responsive and kind by nature, M.K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina receives her father's visitors: Soviet organizations... The secretary of the Kaluga District Party Committee B. Ye. Treyvas, engineers L. K. Korneev and Ya. A. Rapoport spoke warmly of Maria Konstantinovna. She was familiar with I. T. Kleimenov, M. K. Tikhonravov, A. E. Fersman, V. M. Molokov, writers L. Kassil and N. Bobrov.
On September 18, 1936, speaking at the city theater at a memorial meeting dedicated to the first anniversary of the death of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Maria Konstantinovna said:
“Our family is deeply grateful to the Bolshevik Party ... for the fact that she, and she alone, appreciated the dreams and works of our father, husband and grandfather. He died with the firm conviction that his cause was in the strong hands of the Soviet regime and the Communist Party ... We are especially moved that the party and government do not forget his family ”(15).
After the end of the Great Patriotic War with the growing interest of workers in the works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, in his life and work, the flow of letters to Kaluga increased, and Maria Konstantinovna, together with her older sister, answers numerous letters and inquiries, meets with representatives of scientific institutions, writers, journalists, artists, filmmakers ... The correspondence expanded especially, meetings became more frequent after the launch of the first Soviet artificial Earth satellite and the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin. The most numerous correspondents of M.K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina were children - creators of the corners and museums of K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
In the last years of M.K. Tsiolkovskaya, already seriously ill with polyarthritis, willingly responded to the request of the House-Museum of the scientist to draw up a plan of the household interiors of the Tsiolkovsky house. She advised and gave a positive assessment to the thematic-exposition plan of the re-exposition of the House-Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. I have significantly improved my memories of my father. We can rightfully say that throughout her adult life, M.K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina was a devoted assistant to her great father.
Anna Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya-Kiseleva. Efim Alexandrovich Kiselev. It is impossible not to say about youngest daughter scientist Anna Konstantinovna and her husband Efim Aleksandrovich Kiselev, whom K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
Anna was born in 1897 in Kaluga. Since childhood, she was a weak and sickly child and lived for only 24 years. She studied not at the state grammar school, like her sisters Lyubov and Maria, but at the private grammar school of M. Shalaeva. This gymnasium provided very solid knowledge, the attitude towards students in it was humane.
The youngest daughter of the scientist loved to draw and sing, was witty and sociable. From the first to last days my life was very friendly with my sister Maria. Confirmation of this - several surviving letters of the younger sister to the middle one.
Here are lines from a letter written by Anna in the spring of 1914: “Dear Marusechka! From the morning without end it's raining… Everything is melting. Water pounds on the roof. There is silence in our house, as always after dinner. Daddy sleeps in the dining room. Mom in the middle room by the window is embroidering on the hoop ... The river has risen, dirty fine ice is flowing along it. It should be from Yachenka ... ”(11, fol. 1).
Another excerpt from letters to the village, dated 1915: “Dad is reading, Mom is standing by the couch in the middle (room) and talking to me, there are open textbooks around me on the table, we have just had dinner ...” (11, p. 3) ...
The Great October Socialist Revolution found Anna Konstantinovna who had already graduated from high school with the title of "home teacher". Tsiolkovsky's relatives have two interesting documents: a birth certificate and a certificate of education for the scientist's youngest daughter.
An enthusiastic girl, inspired by the revolution, begins to serve the Soviet regime. He works first in the food department, then in the social security department. Then it is translated by an employee of the provincial newspaper Kommuna. Together with her older sister, Lyubov Konstantinovna, who returned from Petrograd, Anna works as a primary school teacher in orphanages.
Since 1918 A. K. Tsiolkovskaya is a member of the Communist Party (12).
Acquaintance with E.A.Kiselev, a party member since 1904, a participant in the December armed uprising in Moscow in 1905, a deputy of the Moscow Council of Working People's Deputies, a delegate to the 5th London Congress of the RSDLP from Moscow workers, a participant in the formation of Soviet power in Kaluga province , had a positive effect on the formation of the Marxist worldview of Anna Konstantinovna.
In difficult years Civil war Kiselev and his wife Anna (they got married in January 1920) tried to help their father with food, firewood, kerosene, paper for work, although life was not easy for them themselves. Anna was often ill.
After the birth of the child, Anna Konstantinovna developed tuberculosis. EA Kiselev wrote in his memoirs: "In 1921, after giving birth, Anya fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis, it was impossible to send her to the south to be treated in a sanatorium in those difficult years." Efim Aleksandrovich tried to get a transfer to the south, but to no avail (9, p. 238).
In a letter to her sister Maria, Anna wrote: “And it is partly good that Yefim will not be allowed to go south. And then when we will see each other ... Still, there will be spring, maybe not long to wait for it. You, too, are waiting for her with the same impatience ”(11, l. 7).
Without letting Kiselev go to the south, the party committee allowed him to move to work in the village and instructed the organization of a small production farm. Efim Alexandrovich hoped that his wife would get better, that the conditions for the newly born child would be more favorable.
This farm was located not far from Kaluga in the Przemysl district, in the former Buttercup Monastery. Tsiolkovsky came there on a bicycle, was glad that his daughter's health seemed to be on the mend. In fact, she was getting worse and worse.
Here is an excerpt from Anna's last, dying letter to Maria: “I don’t go out into the air at all. Even in good weather I tried to go out (it was quite warm) and fell for a week and a half. I feel morally good. She pulled herself together completely. I do not think at all about the bad ... ”(11, fol. 12).
From a letter from the collective farmer of the May 1 collective farm A. G. Kuznetsova to the K. E. Tsiolkovsky museum, it follows that “Tsiolkovsky’s daughter, she is Kiseleva, a communist, was buried in Korekozevo, and not in a cemetery, but behind gardens, close to houses, where four pines grew ”(14).
Efim Aleksandrovich Kiselev died in Moscow several years ago. He was a personal pensioner, one of the oldest members of the CPSU.
The death of adult children always had a heavy impact on Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, but he courageously endured the blows of fate, drawing strength from hard work in the name of a bright future for mankind.
The search and some systematization of new data about the family of Konstantin Eduardovich complements the image of the great scientist and provides a certain background against which the life of the founder of cosmonautics proceeded.
Sources and Literature
1. A. V. Kostin. Lyubov Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya is her father's faithful assistant. Proceedings of the Fourth Readings dedicated to the development of the scientific heritage and the development of the ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Section "Research of scientific creativity of K. E. Tsiolkovsky". M., 1970, pp. 56-66.
2. Lyubov Tsiolkovskaya. His life. In collection: K.E. Tsiolkovsky. M., 1939, pp. 179-186.
3.L.K. Tsiolkovskaya. Continuation of "My Memories", part 1. Archive of the author of the article.
4.G. Chernenko. Everything for the high. Gas. "Soviet Youth" (Riga), June 8, 1969, No. 3, p. 6.
5. Letters from K. E. Tsiolkovsky to M. K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina and V. Ya. Kostin. Archive of the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky, of. No. 165, 313, 314, 315.
6. A. A. Solovyova. Memories. Archive of the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics (GMIK) named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky, of. No. 153.
7. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Wealth of the Universe. Kaluga, 1920
8. In memory of M. K. Tsiolkovskaya-Kostina. Pravda, 17 December. 1964, No. 352, p. 4
9. Tsiolkovsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries. Collection. Tula. 1971. Exceptional energy, kindness and responsiveness. (From the memoirs of K.E. Tsiolkovsky's daughter - Maria Konstantinovna Tsiolkovskaya). Kommuna newspaper (Kaluga), September 19, 1936, No. 215, p. 3.
10. Letters from A. K. Tsiolkovskaya to M. K. Tsiolkovskaya. Archive of the author of the article
11. Party archives of the Kaluga regional committee of the CPSU, f. 1093, op. 1, d.78-a, l. nineteen.
12. L. K. Tsiolkovskaya. My memories of my father. Archive of the author of the article.
13. Letter from A.G. Kuznetsova (copy) dated February 6, 1969 to the Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Archive of the author of the article.
14. In memory of K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Funeral meeting in the theater. Gas. "Commune" (Kaluga), 1936, September 21, 1936, No. 216.
15. M.V.Samburova. Memories. Archive of the State Museum of Fine Arts, inventory of memoirs, No. 44a, fol. 5.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky brief biography is presented in this article and may be supplemented.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky short biography
Born into the family of a forester in the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan Province, in 1857 on September 5. After suffering scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing; deafness did not allow him to continue his studies at school, and from the age of 14 he studied independently.
From 16 to 19 he lived in Moscow, studied physics and mathematics in the cycle of secondary and high school... In 1879 he passed exams for the title of teacher and in 1880 he was appointed teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovskoye district school of the Kaluga province.
For 12 years Tsiolkovsky lived and worked in Borovsk, teaching arithmetic and geometry. There he also married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova, who became his faithful assistant and adviser.
While teaching, Tsiolkovsky began to engage in scientific work.
Almost all the works of this great inventor were devoted to jet vehicles, airplanes, airships, as well as many other aerodynamic research.
It should be especially noted that it was Konstantin Eduardovich who completely belonged to new idea for those times, the construction of an airplane with a metal sheathing and a frame. In addition, in 1898, Tsiolkovsky became the first Russian citizen to independently develop and build a wind tunnel, which was later used in many flying vehicles.
The passion to know the sky and space prompted Konstantin Eduardovich to write more than four hundred works, which are known only to a small circle of his admirers.
Among other things, thanks to the unique and thoughtful suggestions of this great explorer, today almost all military artillery uses flyovers to launch volley fire. In addition, it was Tsiolkovsky who thought out a method for refueling missiles during their direct flight.
Scientific activity occupied all of Tsiolkovsky's free time, but the main one for many years was still teaching. His lessons aroused students' interest, gave them practical skills and knowledge. Only in November 1921, at the age of 64, Tsiolkovsky left his teaching job.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, his scientific activities were supported by the state. In 1918 Tsiolkovsky was elected a member of the Socialist Academy. In 1921, Tsiolkovsky was assigned an increased personal pension.
Rus. scientist and inventor who made a number of major discoveries in aerodynamics, rocketry and the theory of interplanetary communications.
Genus. in with. Izhevsk, Ryazan province, in the family of a forester. After suffering a serious illness (scarlet fever) in childhood, C. almost completely lost his hearing and was deprived of the opportunity to study at school and actively communicate with people. I did it myself; from 16 to 19 he lived in Moscow, studying physics and mathematics. science in the cycle of secondary and higher education. In 1879, Ts. Passed exams for the title of teacher as an external student, and in 1880 was appointed teacher of arithmetic, geometry, and physics at the Borovskoye district school of Kaluga province. By this time, the first scientific research of Ts. Independently, not knowing about the discoveries already made, in 1881 he developed the foundations of kinetic. theory of gases. His second work - "The Mechanics of the Animal Organism", received a favorable review from the famous physiologist I. M. Sechenov, and Ts. Was admitted to the member. Rus. physical and chemical. about-va.
Ts .'s main work, carried out after 1884, was closely related to three major problems: the scientific substantiation of all-metal. aerostat (airship), a well-streamlined airplane and a rocket for interplanetary travel. Most of the scientific research is on solid metal. the airship was carried out by Ts. in 1885-92. Description and calculations of the airplane were published. in 1894. From 1896 C. systematically studied the theory of the motion of jet vehicles and proposed a number of schemes for long-range rockets and rockets for interplanetary travel. After the Great Oct. socialist revolution, he worked a lot and fruitfully on the creation of the theory of the flight of jet aircraft.
The result research work Ts. For the airship was op. "Theory and experience of aerostat" (1887), in which scientific and technical information is given. substantiation of the design of the airship with metal. shell. Drawings were attached to the work, explaining the details of the structure. The airship Ts. Favorably differed from the designs that preceded it in a number of features. First, it was an airship of variable volume, which made it possible to maintain a constant lift at different ambient temperatures and different flight altitudes. The ability to change the volume was constructively achieved using a special tightening system and a corrugated shell. Secondly, the gas filling the airship could be heated by the heat of the exhaust gases passed through the coils. The third design feature was the use of corrugated thin metal to increase the strength. shells, and the corrugation waves were located perpendicular to the axis of the airship. The choice of geometric. the shape of the airship and the calculation of the strength of its thin shell were first performed by Ts.
However, progressive for its time, the Ts. Airship project was not supported; the author was even denied a subsidy to build the model. Turning C. in the gene. Russian headquarters the army also had no success. Ts .'s printed work "Managed Metal Balloon" (1892) received a number of sympathetic responses, and that was the end of it.
In 1892 Ts. Moved to Kaluga, where he taught physics and mathematics at the gymnasium and the diocesan school. V scientific activities he turned to the new and little-studied field of heavier-than-air aircraft.
Ts. Belongs to the wonderful idea of building an airplane with metal. frame. The article "Airplane or bird-like (aviation) flying machine" (1894) gives a description and drawings of a monoplane, which in its own way outward appearance and aerodynamic. layout anticipated aircraft designs that appeared 15-18 years later. In a C. airplane, the wings have a thick profile with a rounded leading edge, and the fuselage is streamlined. Ts. Built in 1897 the first aerodynamic unit in Russia. pipe, developed a method of experiment in it and later (1900), with a subsidy from the Academy of Sciences, carried out purging of the simplest models and determined the drag coefficients of a ball, flat plate, cylinder, cone, and other bodies. But the work on the airplane also did not receive recognition from the representatives of the official Russian. Sciences. Ts. Had neither the means nor even moral support for further research in this area.
The most important scientific results were obtained by C. in the theory of the movement of rockets. Thoughts on using the principle of jet propulsion for the purposes of flying were expressed by Ts. As early as 1883, but his creation of a mathematically rigorous theory of jet propulsion dates back to the very end of the 19th century. In 1903, in his article "Investigation of World Spaces by Reactive Devices," on the basis of general theorems of mechanics, C. gave a theory of the flight of a rocket taking into account the change in its mass in the process of motion, and also substantiated the possibility of using jet vehicles for interplanetary communications. Strict mathematical. The proof of the possibility of using a rocket to solve scientific problems, the use of rocket engines to create the movement of grandiose interplanetary ships belongs entirely to Ts.In this article and in the subsequent sequels of it, he for the first time in the world gave the foundations of the theory of a liquid-propellant jet engine, as well as its structural elements.
In 1929 Ts. Developed a very fruitful theory of the motion of composite rockets or rocket trains; he proposed for implementation two types of composite missiles. One of the types is a sequential composite missile, consisting of several missiles connected one after another. During takeoff, the last (lower) rocket is the pusher. After using her fuel, she separates from the train and falls to the ground. Further, the engine of the rocket, which turned out to be the last, begins to work. This rocket for the rest is pushing until the moment of full use of its fuel, and then it is also separated from the train. Only the head rocket reaches the target of the flight, reaching a significantly higher speed than a single rocket, since it is dispersed by the missiles discarded during the movement.
The second type of composite missile (parallel connection of a number of missiles) was named by the Ts. Missile squadron. In this case, according to Ts., All the rockets work simultaneously, until half of their fuel is used. Then the outer missiles drain the remaining fuel supply into the half-empty tanks of the remaining missiles and separate from rocket train... The process of pouring fuel is repeated until only one head rocket remains from the train, gaining a very high speed.
The creation of an intelligent design of a composite rocket is one of the most pressing problems that scientists and engineers are working on.
Ts. Was the first to solve the problem of rocket motion in a uniform gravitational field and to calculate the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the Earth's gravitational force. Approximately he examined the influence of the atmosphere on the flight of a rocket and calculated the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the resistance forces of the Earth's air envelope.
Ts. Is the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. The question of interplanetary travel interested Ts. From the very beginning of his scientific research. His research for the first time strictly scientifically showed the possibility of flying from space. speeds, despite the great technical. practical difficulties implementation of these flights. He was the first to study the issue of a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth, and expressed the idea of creating extraterrestrial stations as intermediate bases for interplanetary communications, examined in detail the living and working conditions of people on an artificial Earth satellite and interplanetary stations. Ts. Put forward the idea of gas rudders to control the flight of a rocket in airless space; he proposed a gyroscopic. stabilization of the rocket in free flight in space where there are no gravity and resistance forces. Ts. Understood the need to cool the walls of the combustion chamber of a jet engine, and his proposal to cool the walls of the chamber with fuel components is widely used in modern times. designs of jet engines.
So that the rocket does not burn up like a meteorite when returning from space. space to the Earth, Ts. proposed special trajectories for planning a rocket to cancel the speed when approaching the Earth, as well as methods for cooling the walls of the rocket with a liquid oxidizer. He investigated a large number of different oxidants and fuels and recommended the following fuel vapors for liquid jet engines: liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen; alcohol and liquid oxygen; hydrocarbons and liquid oxygen or ozone.
With the Sov. the authorities, living and working conditions for Ts. changed radically. The government rendered every possible assistance to his research, great interest was shown in them on the part of public and scientific organizations. Ts. Was assigned a personal pension and provided the opportunity for fruitful work.
Ts. Also belongs to a number of studies in other fields of knowledge: in aerodynamics, philosophy, linguistics, works on the social structure of human life on artificial islands floating around the sun between the orbits of the Earth and Mars. Some of these studies are controversial, some repeat the results obtained by other scientists. Ts. Himself knew this well, but in the conditions of pre-revolutionary Kaluga he could not systematically follow the world scientific literature... In 1928 he wrote: "I discovered a lot that had already been discovered before me. I recognize the value of such works only for myself, since they gave me confidence in my abilities." Ts. Research on rocketry and the theory of interplanetary travel serve as guiding material for the present. designers and scientists involved in the creation of jet vehicles. Ts. Ideas are being successfully implemented.
Vol .: Collected works, v. 1-2, M., 1951-54; Selected Works, Vol. 1-2, L., 1934; Works on rocketry, M., 1947.
Lit .: Yuriev B.N., Life and work of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, in the book: Proceedings on the history of technology, vol. 1, M., 1952; Kosmodemyansky A. A., K. E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of modern rocket dynamics, ibid; him, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, in the book: People of Russian Science, with a preface. and entered. article by Acad. SI Vavilov, vol. 2, M.-L., 1948 (there is a list of works by Ts. And lit. about hem); Arlazorov M.S., Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. His life and work, 2nd ed., M., 1957
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich
(17.IX.1857-19.IX.1935) - Russian scientist and inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics and rocketry. Genus. in the family of a forester in the village. Izhevsk (formerly Ryazan province). As a result of complications after scarlet fever suffered in childhood, he lost his hearing and was deprived of the opportunity to enter educational institution... I independently studied physics and mathematics. In 1879 he passed an external examination for the title of teacher, and the next year he was appointed teacher of mathematics at the district school of the mountains. Borovsk. From 1898 he taught mathematics and physics at a women's school in Kaluga.
Tsiolkovsky's first scientific research began in the 80s. In 1885-1892. he spent much of his research on the feasibility of building an all-metal airship. In 1896 he began to work systematically on the development of the theory of the motion of jet vehicles. They were offered schemes for long-range missiles and missiles for interplanetary travel. In 1903, in the article "Investigation of world spaces by jet devices", he applied the general laws of mechanics to the theory of flight of a rocket of variable mass and substantiated the possibility of interplanetary communications. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, Tsiolkovsky's ideas were not appreciated. After the revolution, the Soviet government provided extensive assistance to Tsiolkovsky's research. He was assigned a personal pension and provided with the opportunity to work. In 1929 he developed a theory of motion of compound multistage rockets, used with great success in modern astronautics. He was the first to develop the idea of a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth and to study the living and working conditions of its crew. He believed that extraterrestrial stations should be intermediate bases for the further expansion of man into space. Tsiolkovsky is also the author of works on aerodynamics, philosophy, he developed social projects future human society.
Currently, Tsiolkovsky's works have received worldwide recognition. His research and ideas, confirmed by the entire practice of modern astronautics, are widely used in the development of various space projects.
He was an honorary member of the Russian Society of Amateurs of World Studies, an honorary professor at the Academy of the Air Fleet. N.E. Zhukovsky. A complete collection of Tsiolkovsky's works in four volumes was published in the USSR, and a gold medal was instituted in his name for outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications.
Lit .: Arlazorov M. Tsiolkovsky. - M., "Young Guard", 1962. - Tsiolkovsky KE Collected works. T. 1-4. - M., 1951-1964. - Yuriev B.N. Life and work of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. - In the book: Proceedings on the history of technology, vol. 1. - M., 1952.
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich
Outstanding scientist, one of the founders of astronautics, thinker. Genus. in with. Izhevskoe, now Ryazan region; from the family of a forester, a Russianized Pole. As a child, he almost completely lost his hearing, and from the age of 14 he studied independently. From 16 to 19 he lived in Moscow, studied physics and mathematics. science under the programs of secondary and higher education. Visiting the Rumyantsev library, he met N.F. Fedorov, who, according to Ts. Himself, replaced him with university professors. In 1879 Ts. Passed an external exam for the title of teacher of arithmetic and geometry. In 1880 he received a teacher's diploma, and until 1920 he worked in schools in Borovsk, then in Kaluga. There is also engaged in scientific research. activities. In the center of his scientific. interests were the problems of overcoming the death of man, the problem of the meaning of life, the problem of space, the place of man in space, the possibilities of the infinite man. existence. The most important tool solving these problems, he considered the invention of rockets and the settlement of mankind (in view of the finiteness of the Earth) in other worlds. Reprinted in 1924. his article on rocket asserts his world priority in this area. At the end of the 20s. acquires world fame as the head of a new scientific. directions - rocket dynamics. A group for the study of missile movement, headed by F.A. Tsander, is being formed; S.P. Korolev came out of this group. Ts. Died in Kaluga.
A.P. Alekseev
Cosmich. Ts. defined philosophy as knowledge based only on the authority of "exact science", in connection with which it is often referred to as natural science. direction of cosmism. But actually cosmic. philosopher - worldview. system, it contains detailed metaphysics and ethics. Including some fragments of scientific. pictures of the world, worldview. concept Ts. goes far beyond the foundations of scientific. knowledge. Faith, incl. religion Developing the idea of the "root cause" or "cause" of the Universe, Ts. Attributed to it properties that are usually considered as attributes of God. Implicitly cosm. Philos. Ts. Was strongly influenced by Theosophy and Occultism. Characteristic cosm. Philos. consists in the fact that it synthesized various currents of the West. (Plato, Leucippus, Democritus, Leibniz, Büchner, etc.) and eastern, mainly esoteric philosophy. thoughts. This is the reason for its deep antinomy. The initial principle of cosmic. Philos. Ts. Advocates the principle atomistic panpsychism. According to Ts., "The indivisible basis or essence of the world" is made up of "atoms-spirits" ("ideal atoms", "primitive spirits"). This is the metaphysis element. a substance other than elementary particles of the present. physics. "Atoms-spirits" are the simplest "creatures" with "sensitivity". In his cosmic. ethics Ts. actually denied the personal basis of man. "I AM". For him "I" -. it is the sensation of an "atom-spirit" in living matter. It is the "atoms-spirits" that are the true citizens of the Universe, while a man, like any animal, is a "union" of such atoms living in harmony with each other (Ethics or natural foundations of morality // Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 555. Op. 1 . D. 372). The principle of monism expresses in the cosmic. Philos. unity: a) the substantial basis of the world; b) material and spirit. the beginning of the universe; c) living and inanimate matter ("everything is alive and is only temporarily in non-existence, in the form of unorganized dead matter" (Scientific ethics // Essays on the Universe. M., 1992. P.119); d) the unity of man and the Universe. Among the main. belong to the cosmic. Philos. also principles infinity,evolution and anthropic principle. The universe, according to cosm. Philos., is an integral living organism, to-ry "is like the kindest and most intelligent animal" (The will of the Universe. Unknown rational forces // Essays on the Universe. P.43). Such an understanding of the cosmos, dating back to the Platonic tradition, Ts. Clearly contrasted the image of the universe with a class. natural science. Many cosmos can exist in infinite time, just as they exist in infinite space. Opposing the recognition of the principle of increasing entropy, Ts. Spoke of the "eternal emerging youth" of the universe. He considered all processes to be periodic and reversible. This is the essence of cosmic evolutionism. Philos., which also includes the idea of an endless increase in the power of the non-cosmic mind. Ts. Saw the "meaning" of the Universe in the aspiration of matter to self-organization, the inevitability of the emergence of highly developed cosmics. civilizations. The idea of the unity of man and the cosmos found expression in C. in the form of two additional principles of cosmism: 1) the principle, which C. himself formulated as follows: "The fate of a being depends on the fate of the Universe" (first, the "reason" and the "will" of the cosmos almost fatally determines the activity and behavior of man; secondly, the metaphysics of human destiny receives an original interpretation in the cosmic philosophy: there is no death); in the rhythms of cosmic. in evolution, death merges with a "new perfect birth", this provides for each creature the subjective feeling of "never ending happiness"; 2) the principle, which can be formulated as follows: "The fate of the Universe depends on the cosmic mind, that is, mankind and other cosmic civilizations, their transformative activities." Both of these principles coexist in C. He believed that for space exploration it was necessary to intervene in the evolution of the "homo sapiens" species, to improve biol. human nature by nature. and arts, selection. Highly developed cosm. civilization, visiting worlds on which "an imperfect, unreasonable and painful life" develops, has the right to destroy it, replacing it with "its perfect breed" (Cosmic philosophy // Essays on the Universe. P.230). In the distant future, cosm. the mind will consider it a blessing to turn into radiant energy.
V.V. Kazyutinsky
Cit .: Dreams of the Earth and the Sky. Kaluga, 1895 ;Nirvana. Kaluga, 1914 ;Grief and genius. Kaluga, 1916 ;Wealth of the Universe. Kaluga, 1920 ;Living Universe, 1923 ;Monism of the Universe. Kaluga, 1925 ;The future of the Earth and humanity. Kaluga, 1928 ; Public organization humanity. Kaluga, 1928 ;The will of the universe. Unknown intelligent forces. Kaluga, 1928 ;Mind and Passion. Kaluga, 1928 ;Engines of progress. Kaluga, 1928 ;Self love,or True self-love. Kaluga, 1928 ;The past of the Earth. Kaluga, 1928 ;Astronautics goals. Kaluga, 1929 ;Plant of the future. Animal of the cosmos. Spontaneous generation. Kaluga, 1929 ;Scientific ethics. Kaluga,1930. Selected Works. Book 1,2.L., 1934 ;Collected op. Vol. 1-4. M., 1951-1964 ;Thoughts about the future. Statements of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Kaluga, 1958 ;Handwritten materials by K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Cm.:Proceedings of the Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences. M.,1966. Issue 22;Monism of the Universe // Russian Cosmism. M., 1993 ;
Cosmic philosophy // Ibid.
A.P. Alekseev
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich
Outstanding Russian. scientist-founder of astronautics, original thinker and science fiction writer. Genus. in the village of Izhevsk (Spassky u. Ryazan province), in childhood he lost his hearing and from the age of 14 he was engaged in self-education, in 1879 he passed the exam for the title of teacher as an external student and taught physics and mathematics at schools in Borovsk and Kaluga all his life. During classes in the Rumyantsev library in Moscow, he met a philosopher and bibliographer N. Fedorov, to-ry "replaced ... university professors"; not without the influence of Fedorov's "Philosophy of the Common Cause" their own philosophies matured. views Ts. - a bizarre eclectic mixture of daring scientific. projects directed to the future (Ts. can be considered a pioneer of domestic futurology), borrowed elements mysticism and occultism, a kind of religion. utopianism; everything together belongs to the Russian tradition. "cosmism" (see. Religion, Philosophy, Utopia). At the end of 19 - beginning. 20th century published (often at his own expense) main. scientific. the work that laid the foundation for the modern. astronautics (see. Space flights); scientific. C.'s merits were in the floor. least recognized only after Oct. revolution, the scientist was assigned a personal pension, and all of it was founded. works reprinted. and became the property of scientific. soob-va.
NF TV-in Ts. Is inseparable from his scientific. activities, on the one hand, and his philosophy. views - with others; the scientist considered this literature as one of the means of popularizing scientific. knowledge, so it would be more correct to call all his novels "SF essays". The hero of the book "On the moon" (1893 ) moves to The moon in a dream, although the fundamental scientific. the work of Ts. "Free space" was written four years earlier; but already in the next. op. - "Change in Relative Gravity on Earth" (1894 ) - a grandiose "tour" of Solar system thinking about extraterrestrial life and prospects astroengineering; the subsequent "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky and the Effects of Universal Gravitation" (1895 ; others - "The severity is gone") represent a thought experiment; the "lit." remains a story "Out of the Earth"(hands. 1896; fragment. 1918 ; 1920 ), a mysterious and never explained prologue to a cut suggests curious, but unrealized lit. designs of C. All of his SF productions. ed. under one cover on Sat. "The path to the stars" (1960 ).
These works, as well as "science fiction-philosophy." (many were not published until very recently), they combine several. fundamental ideas that form the basis philosophy Ts. Cosmich. space was conceived for him not as an empty "container", but as a stage on which many different forms act extraterrestrial life- from the most primitive to the immortal and almost omnipotent (see. Immortality, Gods and Demons, Religion, Overmind). For humanity itself, in full agreement with N. Fedorov, Ts. Assumed the inevitable "fight with death", in the process of a swarm a person will gradually improve his body, turning it into a kind of autotrophic creature that feeds on radiant energy and practically independent of environment(cm. Biology, Superman). In this perspective space flight- not an end in itself, but only the first step on the path of transformation of the earthly reason into an omniscient and omnipotent ruler of space and time. In general, the influence of the ideas of C. on the process of "cosmization" of social consciousness in the 20th century, and, as a consequence, on the cosmic. SF is difficult to overestimate.
Vl. G., R. Shch.
NA Rynin "KE Tsiolkovsky, his life, work and rockets" (1931).
BNVorobyov "Tsiolkovsky" (1940).
D.Dar "Good hour" (1948), D. Dar"The Ballad of Man and His Wings" (1956), MS Arlazorov "Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, his life and work (1857-1938)" (1952; add. 1957).
M.S.Arlazorov "Tsiolkovsky" (1962).
A.A.Kosmodemyansky "Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky" (1976).
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich
Russian scientist and inventor in the field of aeronautics, aviation and rocket technology, the founder of modern cosmonautics. Author of numerous scientific papers. Developed a project of an all-metal airship. The first to put forward the idea of building an airplane with metal frame... In 1897 he built a wind tunnel and developed an experimental technique in it. Developed the theory of flight of rocket aircraft in the stratosphere and schemes of aircraft for flights with hypersonic speeds... In 1954, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a gold medal. K. E. Tsiolkovsky "For outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications". His name is given to the Moscow Aviation Technological Institute, State. museum of the history of cosmonautics, a crater on the moon.
Tsiolk O vsky, Konstantin Eduardovich
Genus. 1857, d. 1935. Scientist, inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics. Specialist in the field of aerodynamics and rocket dynamics, the theory of aircraft and airship.
Big biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .
Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist, inventor and researcher in the field of aerodynamics and aeronautics, the founder of modern cosmonautics.
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born on September 5 (17), 1857 in the family of the district forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky (1820-1881), who lived in the village of the Spassky district of the Ryazan province. In 1866 he suffered from scarlet fever, due to which he almost lost his hearing.
In 1869-1871, K.E. Tsiolkovsky studied at the Vyatka men's gymnasium. In 1871, due to deafness, he was forced to leave the educational institution and was engaged in self-education.
In 1873, K.E. Tsiolkovsky made an attempt to enter the Higher Technical School in, which ended in failure. However, he remained in the city, deciding to continue his education on his own. In 1873-1876, K.E. Tsiolkovsky lived in, studied at the Chertkovsky public library (later transferred to the building of the Rumyantsev Museum), where he met with. For three years he mastered the gymnasium program and part of the university. Upon his return in 1876-1878, he was engaged in tutoring, showed the ability of a talented teacher.
In 1879, at the 1st Ryazan gymnasium, K.E. Tsiolkovsky successfully passed an external exam for the right to hold the position of a teacher at district schools. Based on the results of the exam, he received a referral from the Ministry of Education to the city of Kaluga province, where he went at the beginning of 1880.
In 1880-1892, K.E. Tsiolkovsky served as a teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovsky district school. He was quite successfully promoted in the service, by 1889 he received the rank of collegiate assessor. His first scientific research dates back to the period of work in Borovsk. In 1881, K. E. Tsiolkovsky independently developed the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases and sent this work to the Russian Physicochemical Society, which noted the author's "great ability and hard work." From 1885, he was mainly engaged in aeronautics.
In 1892, K.E. Tsiolkovsky was transferred to the service in, where he lived until the end of his days. Until 1917, he taught physics and mathematics at the city gymnasium and the diocesan school for women. His conscientious work was awarded the Orders of St. Stanislaus 3rd degree (1906) and St. Anna 3rd degree (1911).
In parallel with teaching, K.E. Tsiolkovsky was engaged in research in the field of theoretical and experimental aerodynamics, developed a project of an all-metal airship. In 1897, the scientist created the first wind tunnel in Russia, developed an experimental technique in it, conducted and described experiments with the simplest models.
By 1896 K.E. Tsiolkovsky created the mathematical theory of jet propulsion. His article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices" (1903) became the world's first scientific work on the theory of jet propulsion and the theory of cosmonautics. In it, he substantiated the real possibility of using jet devices for interplanetary communications, laid the foundations of the theory of rockets and a liquid-propellant rocket engine.
After the October Revolution of 1917, K.E. Tsiolkovsky took part in the work of the Proletarian University c. At this time, he worked a lot and fruitfully on the creation of a theory of the flight of jet aircraft, developed a scheme for a gas turbine engine. He was the first to theoretically solve the problem of landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets without an atmosphere. In 1926-1929, K.E. Tsiolkovsky developed the theory of multistage rockets, in 1932 - the theory of jet aircraft flight in the stratosphere and the scheme of aircraft device for flight at hypersonic speeds. In 1927, he published the theory and diagram of a hovercraft.
K.E. Tsiolkovsky became the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. His research showed for the first time the possibility of achieving cosmic speeds and the feasibility of interplanetary flights. He was the first to study the issue of a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth and the creation of near-Earth orbital stations as artificial settlements using the energy of the Sun and serving as intermediate bases for interplanetary communications. KE Tsiolkovsky was the first to solve the problem of rocket motion in an inhomogeneous gravitational field and considered the influence of the atmosphere on the rocket flight, and also calculated the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the resistance forces of the Earth's air envelope.
KE Tsiolkovsky also gained fame as a talented popularizer, author of philosophical and artistic works ("On the Moon," "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky," "Out of the Earth", etc.), who developed questions of cosmic philosophy and ethics.
The scientific work of K. E. Tsiolkovsky enjoyed the patronage of the Soviet government. All conditions for creative activity were created for him. In 1918, the scientist was elected among the competing members of the Socialist Academy social sciences(since 1924 - the Communist Academy), since 1921 he was awarded a life pension for his services to national and world science. For "special services in the field of inventions that are of great importance for the economic power and defense of the USSR", K. E. Tsiolkovsky in 1932 was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
K.E. Tsiolkovsky died in
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